henequen bags and rope. And, of course, there are always the small stores and independent markets of the villages.

After almost twenty years in and out of Latin America, I still find myself saying "Panama hats," although I know perfectly well that the best of the breed are born in Ecuador or Honduras. Near the very tiny town of Santa Barbara there are groves of fan-shaped palm trees that yield the long fibered junco green when fresh, but turning a beautiful off-white when dried. There is a hat factory in the town, but most of the work is done in private homes in Santa Barbara itself, or out through the hot green valleys and hills all around the village. These craftsmen are ingenious in their other junco work, also. There are lovely purses and mats and any number of tiny lapel decorations made of this very fine fiber. The broader, rougher palm fibers are used for coarser hats, for shopping bags, and for semifirm baskets of various kinds.

Of course there are many, many other industries, each vitally important to the artisan who does the work. Henequen fields lift millions of bright green swords into the hot moist air. This is a comparatively new crop, but it already furnishes fiber for bags and for strong rope both for domestic use and for export. Tanning is still a rather small venture, but is growing.

Alligator and snake skins come from the North Coast and especially from the marshy jungles of the Mosquitia Territory. These skins are cured locally and sent to Tegucigalpa where they are made into beautiful bags, belts, and purses. There are charming knitted and crocheted articles from the small but extremely individual town of Ojojona. Fairly firm artistic pottery can be found in small quantities in Yuscarán, and the bull's horn cornets on the farms near Choluteca are well worth listening to.

In fact, brown and white and black fingers are busy and capable through all the towns and villages of this beautiful green republic. But the products are seldom for commercial use in more than a narrow local sense. However, as the airplane becomes a more accepted part of communications, and as roads are improved over this unequal land, greater industrialization will be inevitable. Meanwhile, tourists will continue to climb up and down Tegucigalpa's steep stony streets, will peer at the charming old colonial homes, will take pictures in the flower-filled plazas. But to those fortunate foreigners, who have humbly tried to know the people themselves their life and their work-the brown (often soiled) Honduran hands will always seem beautiful and wonderfully clever.

THE Second Pan American Congress of Mining Engineering and Geology was held at Hotel Quitandinha, in Petropolis, the summer capital of Brazil, October 1-15, 1946. It is reported that there were 134 official delegates to the Congress; registration for the various commissions exceeded 350. Twelve countries were represented, including Canada. The First Congress was held in Santiago, Chile, January 1942.

The Second Congress was organized by Dr. Antonio José Alves de Souza, Chairman, and Dr. Anibal Alves Bastos, Secretary-Treasurer, Brazilian Section, Pan American Institute of Mining Engineering and Geology. Dr. Souza's official position is General Director of the National Department of Mineral Production.

The official United States delegation to the Second Congress is listed below: Chairman:

Paul C. Daniels, Counselor of Embassy, American Embassy, Rio de Janeiro.

Delegates:

Dr. R. R. Sayers, Director, Bureau of Mines, Department of the Interior.

Dr. Edward Steidle, The Pennsylvania State College, State College, Pennsylvania.

Dr. William E. Wrather, Director, Geological Survey, Department of the Interior. Technical Advisers:

Clarence C. Brooks, Counselor of Embassy for Economic Affairs, American Embassy, Rio de Janeiro.

Emerson I. Brown, Minerals Attaché, Rio de Janeiro.

Ivan G. Harmon, Petroleum Attaché, American Embassy, Rio de Janeiro.

Roger Rhoades, Chief Geologist, Bureau of Reclamation, Department of the Interior.

Special Assistant to the Chairman:

Clarence A. Wendel, Division of International Resources, Department of State.

Ten additional mineral engineers and technologists represented the United States at the second congress, including Dr. Charles Will Wright, Secretary-Treasurer, United States Section, Pan American Institute of Mining Engineering and Geology, and Dr. W. D. Johnston, Jr., United States Geological Survey. Dr. Johnston exhibited the new Geological Map of South America, sponsored by the Geological Society of America.

There were 12 commissions: (1) Metallic and Non-metallic Ore, (2) Geology, Paleontology, Mineralogy, and Petrology, (3) Fuel, (4) Metallurgy and Iron Industry, (5) Ore Industry, (6) Ore Treatment and Concentration, (7) Mining Industry, (8) Mining Economy, Trade and Exchange of Minerals, (9) Technical and Scientific Training, (10) Mineral and Underground Waters, (11) Estimate and Exploitation of Deposits, (12) Conclusions arrived at in the First Congress.

There were more than 150 technical papers covering the entire range of subject matter of the commissions. About 25 of these papers were presented by engineers and technologists in the United States and duly approved for publication in the printed proceedings of the Congress.

It was the honor of the writer as chairman of the United States section, PanAmerican Institute of Mining Engineering and Geology, to be elected one of three

vice presidents of the congress, representing North America; also chairman of Commission 9 on Technical and Scientific Training. He made one of the addresses at the formal opening; also an address at the seventieth anniversary exercises of the National School of Mines of Brazil, at Ouro Preto.

Seven days during the congress were spent by the delegates on various excursions inspecting diamond and quartz crystal fields, and mica, bauxite, coal, iron, and manganese mines, as well as the deepest gold mine in the world, and the National School of Mines of Brazil. All long jumps on inspection trips were made. by airplane.

Various resolutions were adopted by the congress. A resolution on technical cooperation in geological, mining, and metallurgical research is in two parts: (1) That the existing cooperation among the American Republics in the field of research in geology, mining, and metallurgy be continued and increased through cooperative agreements providing for the exchange and training of technical personnel and through mutual exchange of information, to the end that the American Republics may utilize for mutual advantage the technical and material resources of the hemisphere for raising the level of life of the American peoples; (2) That the American Republics in promoting and establishing agreements for cooperation and interchange in the geological, mining, and metallurgical research fields take due account of and make effective provision for coordinating such agreements and programs with the purposes and programs of such specialized bodies as may be established in accordance with the provisions of the United Nations Charter.

Another significant resolution approved by the final general assembly is also in two parts: (1) To manifest its unanimous desire that the Third Pan American Congress of Mining Engineering and Geology be convened not later than 4 years from this date, at a suitable point. within the United States of America, this point to be selected by the North American section, IPIMIGEO, and communicated to the executive committee of IPIMIEGO; (2) That the North American section of IPIMIGEO approach the Government of the United States of America with a view to obtaining the collaboration of the latter in contributing to the success of the Third Pan American Congress of Mining Engineering and Geology.

The Executive Committee, Pan American Institute of Mining Engineering and Geology, met during the Congress. Examples of recommendations adopted are: (1) That each section supply headquarters at Santiago with a list of its members giving addresses, occupation, title, and business connections, this address list from all sections to be published each year in Santiago and supplied to all members gratis. (2) That each section furnish Santiago headquarters, for publication in the quarterly, notes on new mine developments, changes in mining legislation, a bibliography of recent technical publications, and notes on its local meetings.

There was esprit de corps and good will throughout the second congress thanks largely to the official leadership and support of Brazil. It seemed to be clear to the delegates that the greatest contribution the congress could make to peace is to continue working together in complete harmony as an example to the rest of the world.

THE Inter-American Conference on the Conservation of Renewable Natural Resources, to be held in compliance with a resolution of the Third Inter-American Conference on Agriculture, will take place May 5-18, 1947 at the Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite National Park, California. The program approved by the Governing Board of the Pan American Union on December 18, 1946, is as follows:

SECTION I: HUMAN POPULations and PRODUCTIVE CAPACITY OF THE LAND

1. Trends in human populations in the Western Hemisphere and the pressure of populations on renewable resources.

2. Trends in renewable resources in the Western Hemisphere and the causes responsible for these trends.

3. The relationships between living standards and renewable resources.

SECTION II: RENEWABLE RESOURCES AND INTERNATIONAL Relations

1. The influence of the ratio between renewable resources and human populations, with respect to peace.

2. Renewable resources and international competition.

3. Renewable resources and international eco

nomic relations and international credit.

4. Renewable resources and the international tourist trade.

5. International cooperation as a means of conservation of renewable resources.

SECTION III: LAND USE AND THE SOCIAL SCIENCES 1. Renewable resources and history.

2. Renewable resources and anthropology.

3. Renewable resources and the law. 4. Renewable resources and economics. SECTION IV: THE DYNAMICS OF RENEWABLE RE

SOURCES

1. Water.

2. Soil.

3. Forests and grazing lands.

4. Terrestrial and aquatic fauna.

5. Recreation.

6. Ecological relationships.

SECTION V: EDUCATION IN CONSERVATION DY

NAMICS

1. The problem of making at least an elementary understanding of man's place in his environment part of our culture throughout the Hemisphere.

2. Methods of interesting and informing leaders, both inside and outside government, regarding the importance of conservation of natural resources and the basic principles of human ecology. 3. Long-range education on how to live harmoniously with the earth.

SECTION VI: MAKING CONSERVATION EFFECTIVE 1. Government responsibility.

2. Private responsibility.

3. Application of scientific knowledge to action programs.

4. International action.

5. Hemispheric planning.

98

of Peace

PROBABLY the most famous statue in all the Americas is the Christ of the Andes on the border between Argentina and Chile. In the 43 years that it has stood in its exalted place among the snow-covered Andes, this statue has come to be a symbol of friendship not only between Argentina and Chile but among all the countries of the hemisphere.

The events that led to the erection of the statue began with the vague wording of a boundary treaty signed between Argentina and Chile in 1881. Disagreements as to the exact location of the boundary arose,

and at the turn of the century all the signs were pointing to war between the two countries. The dispute concerning the southern part of the boundary had been submitted to arbitration by the English sovereign, but because of the death of Queen Victoria the decision was delayed. The belligerent elements in both countries took advantage of the delay to stir up a war frenzy, and the two Governments began extensive military preparations. Fortunately, largely through the efforts of Bishops Marcolino Benavente of Argentina and Ramón Ángel Jara of Chile, some leading women, and resident British officials, war was prevented. Finally in 1902 King Edward VII proposed a settlement