and gave the finishing blow to the war. He was elevated to the peerage as Baron R., and received a pension of £2,000 per annum for himself and his successors. D. 1792.

Roe, a species of deer, inhabiting Europe and some parts of Asia, chiefly in hilly or mountainous regions, either covered with forests or with scattered bushes and heath. The R. is about 2 ft. 3 in. in h. at the shoulder. Its weight is about 50 or 60 lbs. Its color is a shining tawny-brown in summer, more dull and grizzled in winter. The venison is superior to that of the stag, but not equal to that of the fallow-deer. The horns are used for handles of carving-knives, etc. The R. is never very thoroughly tamed, and when partially so is apt to become mischievous, and the male dangerous. See ROEBUCK. Roe, (EDWARD PAYSON,) an Amer. author and minister, b. about 1840; wrote several stories which attained great popularity, notably Barriers Burned Away, Opening of a Chestnut Burr, From Jest to Earnest, The Earth Trembled, etc.; d. 1888.

Roe, (SIR THOMAS,) an Eng. explorer of the 17th c.; penetrated to Delhi 1614, having previously explored the Amazon; was sent as embassador to Constantinople, Poland, and Sweden; brought valuable Oriental MSS. to the Bodleian Library, procured the Alexandrian MSS. of the Greek Bible now in the British Museum, and wrote several interesting volumes of travels; b. in England 1580, d. 1644.

Roebling, (JOHN A.,) the original designer of the EAST RIVER BRIDGE, (q. v.,) b. in Prussia 1806, d. from the effects of an injury 1869, leaving his son WASHINGTON A. R. to complete his work. Mr. R. was the constructor of the Suspension Aqueduct across the Alleghany River, opened 1845; the Monongahela Suspension Bridge, and of four suspension aqueducts on the line of the Delaware and Hudson Canal, 1848-50; also of the Niagara Suspension Bridge, and those at Pittsburg and Cincinnati were his work. His son WASHINGTON A. R. was b. May 26, 1837, and undertook to finish his father's work, which he did successfully.

Roebuck, a species of deer having erect cylindrical, branched horns forked at the summit; it is of elegant shape, is remarkably nimble, and one of the smallest of deer. It prefers a mountainous country, and congregates in families.

Roe buck, (JOHN ARTHUR,) an Eng. politician, b. 1802 at Madras. At the age of 23 he went to England. During the civil war in Am. he displayed a strong leaning toward the cause of the Confederates. He was the author of a work on the Colonies of England. D. 1879.

Roe'mer, (OLE or OLOF,) an eminent Danish mathematician and astronomer, b. 1644, d. 1710. He was a man whose work was nearly a century in advance of his time. He invented the transit instrument, the meridian circle, and the prime vertical transit, and discovered the "equation of light" from the observation of the eclipses of Jupiter's satellites. The latter discovery was not credited till Bradley's discovery of the aberration of light about half a century later. Roer'mond, an ancient and picturesque town in the Netherlands; pop. 9,609.

Roe-stone, a name locally given to those limestones which are formed of small globules like the roe of fishes.

Roga'tion-days, the Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday before Ascension-day, so called because on these days the Litanies are appointed to be sung or recited by the clergy and people in public procession.

Rog'er I., Count of Sicily and Calabria, and the founder of the Norman dynasty in those countries; he was deputed by his brother Robert to conquer Calabria, an achievement which was speedily executed. In 1060 he set out on an expedition against Sicily, and in 1072 Palermo, the cap. and chief stronghold of the Saracens, was yielded to the invaders. R. was then invested by his brother with the crown of Sicily. The last acts of his life were the building and endowing of churches and monasteries, among others the cathedral of Messina, (1097.) He d. 1101.

Rog'er II., King of Sicily, second son of the preceding, was b. 1097. Ambitious of the title of king, he supported the faction of Pope Anacletus, his wife's brother, and received from him the title of King of Sicily, with rights of suzerainty over the duchies of Naples and Capua. In 1146 he revenged himself on the Greek emperor by capturing Corfu,

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and pillaging Cephalonia, Negropont, Corinth, and Athens. He followed up these successes by the taking of Tripoli and other places on the African coast, and afterward attacking the Zeirides-leaving at his death an African dependency which stretched from Morocco to Kairwan. He d. 1154.

Rog'ers, (FAIRMAN,) scientist, b. in Pa. 1833; was Lecturer on Mechanics in the Franklin Institute from 1854 to 1865; Prof. of Civil Engineering in the University of Pennsylvania from 1855 to 1870; served as an officer of engineers 1861; was connected with the U. S. Coast Survey 1862, and was one of the original members of the National Academy of Sciences; was chosen a trustee of the University of Pennsylvania 1870.

Rog'ers, (HENRY,) an Eng. Independent minister, b. 1810, d. 1877; he was appointed Principal of the Lancashire Independent Coll. in 1858. The Eclipse of Faith is his best known book.

Rog'ers, (HENRY D., LL.D., F.R.S.E.,) scientist, b. in Pa. 1809; distinguished himself in several geological surveys, and wrote a magnificent work on the geology of Pa.; was appointed regius professor of the University of Glasgow; d. 1866.

Rog'ers, (JOHN,) the well-known Eng. Protestant, the first of the "Marian Martyrs; " preached a sermon at St. Paul's Cross, Aug. 3, 1543, which led to his arrest, his condemnation by Gardiner, and his burning at the stake, Feb. 4, 1555; b. 1505.

Rog'ers, (JOHN,) an Amer. educator and philanthropist ; Pres. of Harvard Coll. 1682; b. in England 1631, d. at Har. vard 1684.

Rog'ers, (JOHN,) the successful inventor of a new species of very popular statuettes modeled in clay or cast, of which "Taking the Oath," Union Refugees," etc., are well known; b. in Mass. 1829.

Rog'ers, (RANDOLPH,) an Amer. sculptor, long a resident in Rome; designed and modeled the bronze doors for the E. entrance to the Capitol extension at Washington 1858, and has executed many public monuments and statues, that of Mr. Lincoln, unveiled at Philadelphia 1871, being the most notable; b. 1825, d. 1892.

Rog'ers, (ROBERT,) a hero of the "Old French War," was b. in N. H. 1727, d. in England 1800; he was Gov. of Michilimackinac; fought in Algiers; returned to Am. and took the Tory side, becoming colonel of the "Queen's Rangers."

Rogers, (SAMUEL,) an Eng. poet, called "the Banker Poet," in allusion to his vocation, was b. in London 1763. In 1786 he published his first book, entitled An Ode to Superstition, and Some Other Poems. In 1792 he published his Pleasures of Memory, the work by which he is remembered.

D. 1855.

Rog'ers, (WILLIAM A.,) astronomer and physicist, for many yrs. astronomer at the Harvard Coll. Observatory and now Director of the Observatory and Prof. of Astron. and Physics in Colby University, Waterville, Me. He is known as an expert and authority on the subjects of standard lengths, fine rulings, and perfect screws for ruling-machines, as well as for his astronomical investigations. B. 1832.

Rog'ers, (WILLIAM BARTON,) an Amer. geologist, b. 1804, d. 1882; in 1828 succeeded his father, Patrick Kerr R., in the chair of physics and chemistry at William and Mary Coll. He organized the geological survey of Va. in 1835, was Prof. of Geology and Natural Philosophy in the University of Virginia 1835-53, and in 1865 became Pres. of the Mass. Institute of Technology. He published many works on his specialty.

Rog'ers, (WOODES,) an Eng. navigator, known for his rescue of Selkirk, ("Robinson Crusoe;") b. 1660, d. 1732. Roger Williams University, an institution for colored persons, Nashville, Tenn.; founded, 1864, by D. W. Phillips, D.D.; controlled by the Baptist Home Missionary Society.

Rohan-Guemenée, de, (Louis R. E.,) a Fr. cardinal, b. 1734; embassador to Vienna 1772; was recalled on the demand of Maria Theresa 1774; was made Bishop of Strasburg 1779, and afterward cardinal. D. 1803.

Rohilcund', an extensive region in the North-west Provinces of India, lying W. of Oude, and named after the Rohillas, an Afghan tribe which migrated hither in the 18th c. As an administrative division (area 10,885 sq. m., pop. 5,122,557) it comprises the districts of Bijnur, Moradabad, Bareilly, Bu daon, Shahjehanpur and Terai, and the protected state of Rampur.

Rohtuk', a town of British India, the cap. of the district of the same name; pop. 14,153.

Roʻland, the hero of one of the most ancient and popular epics of early French or Frankish literature, was, according to tradition, the favorite nephew and captain of the Emperor

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Charlemagne. All that history tells us of him is simply this: In 778, when Charlemagne was busily engaged at Paderborn in organizing the government of the recently subjugated Saxons, and superintending their collective baptism and formal admission into the Christian Church, he was visited by a Saracen chief, who, being unwilling to recognize the supremacy of the Caliph of Cordova, offered to put the Frankish sovereign in possession of several towns S. of the Pyrenees which were under his rule. Charlemagne, accepting the offer, marched with a numerous army through the territory of Gascony, whose duke, Loup, he constrained to do him homage, and took Pampelona and Saragossa. Finding, however, that his Saracen ally gave him but little aid, he turned back to return to France; and it was during this retreat, while the Christian army was slowly threading its way through the narrow valley of Roncevaux, or Roncesvalles, that R., Commander of the Marches of Bretagne, who commanded the rear-guard, was suddenly attacked by a large body of Gascons, lying in ambus. in the surrounding woods, and slain while fighting gallantly Beyond the meager details, all that we read of R. is traditional. The oldest version of the Song of Ronald, forming part of the Chansons de Geste, which treat of the achievements of Charlemagne and his paladins, belongs to the 11th c., although it is probable that the original compositions are not much later than the period to which they refer. Throughout the Middle Ages the Song of Ronald was the most popular of the many heroic poems current.

Roland, (MME. MARIE JEANNE,) wife of JEAN MARIE ROLAND DE LA PLATIÈRE, was the daughter of Pierre Gratien Phlipon, and was b. at Paris 1754. Her career was identical with her husband's until his flight from Paris, May 31, 1793. The same night she was arrested and imprisoned in the Abbaye. A more dauntless and intrepid spirit never entered its walls. Summoned before the Revolutionary Tribunal in the beginning of Nov., she was condemned, and on the 9th was guillotined amid the shoutings of an insensate mob. It is said that while standing on the scaffold she asked for a pen and paper that she might "write down the strange thoughts that were passing through her head." Only a genuine child of the French Republic could have been so ostentatiously speculative at such a moment. Still more celebrated is her apostrophe to the statue of Liberty, at the foot of which the scaffold was erected: 0 Liberty, what crimes are committed in thy name!"

Roland de la Platière, (JEAN MARIE,) husband of the foregoing, a Fr. minister of the revolutionary period, b. at Mizy 1734. Toward the close of 1791 he fixed himself at Paris, and soon became one of the heads of the Girondist or moderate section of the republicans. In March, 1792, he was appointed minister of the interior, a situation which he held till Jan., 1793. On hearing of the execution of his wife he committed suicide at a small village in the environs of Rouen, Nov. 15, 1793.

Rolfe, (WILLIAM JAMES,) b. in Newburyport, Mass., Dec. 10, 1827; was graduated from Amherst 1848; taught in schools and colleges until 1868; and finally devoted himself to Shakespearean study and comment, editing the well-known Rolfe's Shakespeare.

Roll, a round molding much used in Gothic architecture. It is also modified by the introduction of a fillet, and is then called the R.-and-fillet molding.

Roll'er, (Coracias,) a genus of birds very generally referred to the Crow family, (Corvida,) but by many naturalists to the Beeeater family, (Meropidae,) with which they regard the habits and colors of the species as indicating a closer alliance. The bill is moderately large, compressed toward the point, straight, the upper mandible curved downward at the point, the sides bristled at the base, the gape wide; the legs short and strong; the wings long. The colors are in general very brilliant. The name R. is derived from its habit of tumbling in the air like a tumbler-pigeon. Roll'er, an agricultural implement which has been long in use, consisting of a cylinder of wood, stone, or iron placed in a frame so as to revolve like a wheel, and drawn over the land by a horse. The weight of the R. is greater or less according to the purpose for which it is intended: the breaking of stiff clay clods, the consolidating of very light soils after frost, the hardening of the surface of the ground to check

Roller.

evaporation, the leveling of an uneven surface before harvest operations, etc.

Roll'er, used as part of the inking apparatus in letterpress printing, is of modern invention. In the old process of applying the ink to the surface of types, stuffed leather balls were made use of. This invention came generally into use between 1814 and 1818, every-where superseding balls, and rendering printing machinery practicable. The method of making inking Rs. is very simple. The wooden center being fixed in an iron mold, the composition is poured in when in a hot, liquid state, and then left to cool. When cold, the mold, which is in halves finely-joined and held together, is opened, and the R. taken out; by a little trimming it is ready for use. The composition consists of a due proportion of fine glue and treacle or molasses, boiled together, and thoroughly blendedthe result being a substance resembling soft India rubber. In all cases the Rs. require to be kept clean, and hung up when not in use.

Roll'er Skate, Roll'er Skat'ing. The earliest R. S. was patented by a Frenchman in 1819. Since that time scarcely a yr. has passed without the recording of some improvement in wheel-skates. Plimpton's improvement consisted in so gearing two pairs of wheels that they would "cramp" when the foot-plate was canted to either side, and thus cause the skate to move on a curved line. Several yrs. elapsed before the value of the invention was generally recog nized; but in the meantime the inventor was busy making improvements and taking out other patents, and in 1874 had brought the skate practically to its present condition. This device of "cramping" the wheels secured the initial success of roller-skating. The earlier inventions were crude affairs compared with the modern appliances; the present R. S. com. bines strength, lightness, and ease of action in a marked degree. About 1864 the mania for roller-skating first appeared in England; but in 1866 the "rinking" fever broke out in Australia, and spread thence to England and the U. S. Since that time the craze has appeared at intervals only to again die out. The most recent of these arose in 1884-85 in the U. S., but soon shared the fate of its predecessors.

Rollin, (CHARLES,) a Fr. historian, b. 1661. In 1694 he was chosen Rector of the University of Paris. In 1726 he pub. lished his Traité des Études, which M. Villemain has pronounced "a monument of good sense and taste," and which is justly regarded as his best literary performance, and his Histoire Ancienne, in 1730-38. Frederick the Great, then the Prince Royal of Prussia, among other princely notabilities, wrote to compliment the author, and opened up a correspondence with him. In 1738 R. published his Histoire Romaine. D. 1741.

Roll'ing-mill, one of the most important of modern inventions for the working of metals. It was first introduced practically by Mr. Corb in 1784, and since then has gradually become more and more useful as its capabilities have been developed. Although first applied to iron, the R. will do for other metals; moreover, the rolls may be engraved so as to impress a pattern on the bar as it passes through; this is done by the brass-workers to great extent; and tubes of brass, copper, tin, etc., are also operated on in a similar way, a mandrill or rod of iron being fitted inside the tube, to sustain the pressure of the rollers.

Rollins, (EDWARD H.,) an Amer. politician; was elected U. S. senator from N. H. 1877-83; b. 1824, d. 1889.

Roll of Arms, an heraldic record of arms, either verbally blazoned or illuminated, or both, on a long strip of vellum, rolled up, instead of being folded into leaves. Rs. of A. are the most important and most authentic materials for the history of early heraldry.

Romaine, (REV. WILLIAM,) an Eng. divine of the last century, noted for the ardor with which he preached "evangelical" and Calvinistic doctrines; b. 1714, d. 1795. R. published Twelve Sermons upon Solomon's Song, Twelve Dis courses upon the Law and the Gospel, etc.

Ro'man Archæol'ogy. The development of art in Rome may be divided into two periods: the PRE-HELLENIC and the HELLENIC and HELLENICO-ETRUSCAN influences. From fragments of pottery, vases, and some few articles in bronze of apparently Asiatic origin our knowledge of the first period is derived. The first impulse of higher Roman culture came from the Greeks through the colonies of Magna Græcia, and it was the Hellenic form of temple modified by Etruscan in fluence which followed the Doric type that was adopted by Rome. A few examples of stone buildings of this ancient period remain. The Hellenic influences increased during the early century of the republic till the final dominion of Rome

and other ornaments were frequently taken from the ruins of ancient buildings which abounded there. There is always a certain resemblance to the old forms which distinguishes the Romanesque from the round-arched Gothic which succeeded it. The piers along the aisles are always single columns, generally with caps intended to be Corinthian, and wide arches; the aisles are wide, with open wooden roof. The early Christians also derived their round churches from the Romans. They were probably originally tombs, and were the most sacred places, where the burial-service was said and the sacraments administered. Hence they afterward became baptisteries, and were finally absorbed into the Church, which then contained within itself every thing connected with the Christian service. In Rome there are still some 30 basilicas, and the Romansque style may be said never to have died out there. As we recede from the center we find its influence gradually weaken, and succumb to the northern Gothic style. Thus in Lombardy and Provence it was superseded by the Lombard and Romance styles in the

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probably through the adverb Romanicé, came the term Romance, applied both to the language and to the popular poetry written in it, more especially to the dialect and productions of the troubadours in the S. of France. It is beyond doubt that the several daughters of the mother Latin had their characteristic differences from the very first, as, indeed, was inevitable. French, as was to be expected, is richer in German words than any other member of the family, having 450 not found in the others. Italian is next to French in this respect. The varieties of speech originating in the way now described are divided by Diez into six jurisdictions: (1) The Italian, preserving, as was to be expected, the traits of the mother Latin in more recognizable form than any of the sister tongues. It presents a variety of strongly marked dialects. (2) The Wallachian. (3) The Spanish, which is characterized by copiousness and etymological obscurity, arising from the establishment of so many different nations on the soil. For one element of difference it contains a large number of Arabic words-as many as 500 terms

Roma'ni, (FELICE,) a modern Ital. poet; writer of operatic libretti and lyric poems; also editor of the Gazetta Piemontese; b. at Genoa 1798, d. 1865.

Roman'ic Lan'guages, a general name for those modern languages that are the immediate descendants of the language of ancient Rome. When the Roman Empire was broken up by the irruptions of the northern nations (in the 5th and 6th c.) the intruding tribes stood to the Romanized inhabitants in the relation of a ruling caste to a subject population. The dominant Germans continued for several centuries to use their native tongue among themselves; but from the first they seem to have acknowledged the supremacy of the Latin for civil and ecclesiastical purposes, and at last the language of the rulers was merged in that of their subjects; the language which underwent this change was not the classical Latin of literature, but a popular Roman language which had been used by the side of the classical. As distinguished from the old lingua Latina, this newly formed language of ordinary intercourse, in its various dialects, was known as the lingua Romana; and from this name,

ian is considered the standard. (4) The Portuguese, including both the language of Portugal and of Galicia. (5) Provençal, the language of the S. of France. From the use of the affirmative oc (=yes) the Provençal was known as the Langue d'oc, as the North French was called the Langue d'oil, from oil, modern French oui. The Provençal was at an early period a cultivated language, with a regular system of grammar, and in the 12th and 13th c. produced a rich poetical literature. (6) French extending over the N. half of France and parts of Belgium and Switzerland.

Ro'manoffs, The. The Romanoff dynasty began with Michael Romanoff, who was elected Tzar in 1613, when the dynasty of Rurik came to an end. Michael concluded a truce of 14 yrs. with the Poles and governed the empire wisely. His successor was his son Alexis, who was followed by Fedor III., whose chief achievements were the destruction of the oligarchic factions among the great nobles and the reformation of the police system. Peter the Great continued in the progressive path of his predecessors. He came to the throne in 1682, and d. in 1725. He developed the resources of the country, opened communication with foreign nations, and made Russia one of the greatest powers of Europe. Catharine I., who was governed by her favorite, Mentzikoff, Peter II., and Anne, whose adviser was her lover Biren, succeeded the great Tzar. After the death of Anne the crown descended to her nephew, Ivan VI., who was imprisoned and