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ROMAN RELIGION, ANCIENT.

murdered by the regents, his guardians. Then the daughter of Peter the Great, Elizabeth, was placed on the throne to be succeeded by Peter III. He was strangled by the Orloffs, who offered the crown to Catharine II., surnamed the Great, (1762.) Her reign was as glorious as that of Peter had been. Her son, Paul I., fell a victim to his love for the French nation. He was strangled in his palace in 1801, and his son Alexander I. ascended the throne. Nicholas I., Alexander

the personifications of highest power, highest womanliness, and highest wisdom-Jupiter; Juno, the Queen of Heaven and the tutelary deity of women; and Minerva. The stars also had three foremost representatives-Sol, the sun; Luna, the moon; and Tellus, the earth. The supreme deities of the Infernal Regions were Orcus, Dis and his wife, the Queen of the Empire of the Shadows, Libitina. The element of the water was presided over by Neptune; that of the fire by Vulcan, the god

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II., murdered by the Nihilists, and the present emperor, | of the smithies; Vesta was the goddess of the domestic hearth Alexander III., complete the list of Romanoff sovereigns. and its pure flame. Agriculture and rearing cattle were sacred Ro'man Religion, An'cient. Numa Pompilius, that to the ancient Latin king, Saturnus. Ceres, Liber, and Libera, mythic successor of Romulus, is mentioned as the founder of the three Greek deities of agricultural pursuits, were superthe Roman religion, or rather ceremonial law. It was as char- added about 500 B.C. Pales was the special protector of the acteristic of the Roman gods to appear in sets as it was for flocks. Mars himself was the supreme deity of the Romans the more personal gods of the Hellenes to appear singly. The next to Jupiter. The Camena were the prophesying nymphs, Romans, as it were, made them fall rationally into rank and of whose number was Egeria, Numa Pompilius's inspirer. The file, each with a distinct mission of its own, and thus filled Apollo worship was but of late growth in Rome. The Parcæ with them, as with authorities over special departments, the represented the unchangeable fate of the individual. Forwhole visible and invisible world-above, below, and around. tuna was, on the contrary, the uncertain chance of destiny, The first rank of all is taken by the three Capitoline deities, the "luck" to be invoked at all important junctures. Venus

ROMANS-ROME.

first became important when identified with Aphrodite. Life, death, and life after death are made concrete by the Genii, the Lares, Manes, and Penates. Like the Greeks, the Romans had no “mediators," but addressed their prayers and supplications directly to the individual god. The priesthood, we find, in the classical period, had arisen originally from the "kindlers of Mars," or those who presented burnt-offerings to the early Italian war-god Mars. These were the colleges of Pontifices or Bridge-builders, of Augurs, etc. The mode of worship was analogous to that of the Greeks. Votive offerings, prayers, vows, sacrifices, libations, purifications, banquets, lays, songs, dances, and games made up the sum of their divine service. The sacred places were either jana, delubra-mere hallowed spots on hills and in groves or templa, ædes, special buildings dedicated to a special deity. The latter contained two altars-the ara, for libations and oblations; and the altare, for burnt-offerings chiefly. Human sacrifices, as far as they are to be met with, grew out of the idea of substitution, and were chiefly enthusiastic voluntary acts of men who threw themselves into the breach. A code of moral and ethical rules, furthering and preserving civil order, and the pious relations within the state and family, were the palpable results of this religion. While to the Hellenes the individual was the chief end of all things, and the state existed for the citizen, and the ideal was the Kalokagathia, the beautiful, good; the Romans imposed, as the highest duty, submission to authority-the son to the father, the citizen to the ruler, and all to the gods. To them only that which was useful appeared good. The Greek invested his gods with human attributes, and then surrounded them with a halo of highest splendor and most glorious divine beauty. The Roman, on the other hand, cared nothing for the outward form of his idealized notions-the notions themselves, mere fundamental ideas, were his sole object of veneration. The Greeks made every thing concrete, corporeal, and individual; the Romans, abstract and general. The Greeks could only worship allegories; the Romans abstractions. Thus the Roman Pantheon was the precise counterpart of the Roman world as it existed in reality. Constantine the Great abolished the last outward trace of the Roman religion by proclaiming Christianity as the state religion.

Ro'mans, a town of France, in the Dept. of Drôme, stands on the right banks of the Isère. R. owes its origin to an important abbey, founded in the 9th c. by St. Bernard, Archbishop of Vienne, and by a nobleman named Romain, who gave his name to the town. Pop. 11,024.

Ro'mans, Epis'tle to the, in a doctrinal point of view the most profound and elaborate composition of St. Paul. The great value of the E. to the R. consists in this, that it exhibits what may be called the rationale of Christianity. The immediate & ject of the apostle was probably nothing more than to prevent an outbreak in the Church at Rome of those violent antipathies of religious sentiment which had shown themselves elsewhere; but with a view to the more complete accomplishment of this object he takes a broad ethical view of human nature, and finds all men-Jews and Gentiles alike to be estranged from God and in need of pardon and reconciliation. Hence Paul's grand argument, that if men are to stand as "righteous" in the sight of God it cannot be by their "works," but in virtue of a divine justification graciously vouchsafed to them, and received into their hearts by an act of faith. The epistle is believed to have been written from Corinth during Paul's third missionary journey, about 58 A.D. Almost all the great doctrinal controversies that have agitated Christendom owe their origin to it.

Ro'mansch, or Ro'manusch, a language spoken in the Grisons and other Alpine valleys. Its varieties are numerous, and have been grouped under the general name of Ladini, which is, however, popularly restricted to the two vernaculars of the Upper and Lower Engadine. R. is especially interesting from its relation to the ancient Italian languages, being by some supposed to be the direct descendant of the Etruscan.

Romantic Movement. This term is often applied to the literary changes which mark the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th c. These consisted in an abandonment of the rigid rules of the so-called classical school of poetry, and a return to the freer and more varied forms of earlier times, together with greater frequency of lyrical verse, and a new tendency to celebrate personal emotion rather than the universal sentiments of human nature. At the same time there appeared a love for nature and natural scenery which

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had been ignored when poetry had dealt more especially with men's intellect and education. The same widening of interests led men to study and to understand other peoples and times, so that the field of literature was much enlarged. In fiction there was a corresponding change to the treatment of past times and of classes of society previously neglected. History, too, was made over in accordance with men's altered tastes, and became a story rather than an academic discussion of abstract principles. The change was prepared gradually, but once started it moved with swiftness. In poetry it was furthered by Cowper, Wordsworth, Coleridge, etc.; in fiction by Scott, among others. And what took place in England occurred elsewhere simultaneously, as in Germany, or later, as in France, under the influence of Victor Hugo and others. Romantic School, the name first assumed in Germany, about the beginning of the present century, by a number of young poets and critics, A. W. and Fr. Schlegel, Novalis, Ludwig Tieck, Wackenroder, etc., who wished to indicate by the designation that they sought the essence of art and po etry in the wonderful and fantastic elements that pre-eminently characterized the Romance literature of the Middle Ages. As poetical reformers the R. S. exercised a beneficial influence.

Rom'any, or Rom'many Language, a language of Sanskrit or Indian derivation, carefully guarded as a secret tongue by the strange people known as GYPSIES, (q. v.) It has been a subject of great interest, and 13 dialects have been given.

Rome. The design of this article is to furnish a brief outline of the history of ancient Italy, referring for more detailed information to separate articles throughout the work. As the different states and territories of the Roman Empire figured separately in history to a certain extent it is most convenient to consider them under their respective heads. For modern history see ITALY. The foundation of the city by ROMULUS (q. v.) laid April 29, 753 B.C.; the Romans seize on the Sabine women at a public spectacle and detain them for wives, 750; the Caninians defeated, and the first triumphal procession, 748; R. taken by Sabines; the Sabines incorporated with the Romans as one nation, 747; Romulus sole king of the Romans and Sabines, 742; the Circensian games established, 732; Romulus said to have been murdered by the senators, 716; Numa Pompilius elected king, 715; institutes the priesthood, the augurs, and vestals, 710; Roman calendar of 10 months reformed and made 12, 710; the Romans and the Albans, contesting for superiority, agree to choose three champions on each part to decide it. The three Horatii, Roman knights, and the three Curiatii, Albans, having been elected by the respective countries, engage in the celebrated combat which, by the victory of the Horatii, united Alba to R., about 669; war with the Fidenates, the city of Alba destroyed, 665; Ostia, at the mouth of the Tiber, built, 627; the first census of the Roman state is taken, 566; political institutions of Servius Tullius, 550; royalty abolished, the patricians establish an aristocratical commonwealth, 509; Junius Brutus and Tarquinius Collatinus first consuls; first alliance of the Romans with Carthage, 508; the capitol finished and dedicated to Jupiter Capitolinus, 507; first dictator, Titus Lartius, 501; the Latins and the Tarquins declare war against the republic, 501; defeated at the Lake Regillus; secession of the plebeians to the Sacred Mount; establishment of tribunes of the plebeians, 494; first agrarian law passed; Spurius Cassius put to death by the patricians, 493; C. Martius Coriolanus banished, 491; he (with the Volsci) besieges R., but with. draws at the suit of his wife and mother; contests between the patricians and plebeians respecting the agrarian law, 486; the Fabii slain, 477; consulship of Cincinnatus, 460; the secular games first celebrated, 456; the Decemviri created, 451; Virginius kills his daughter Virginia to save her from the decemvir Appius Claudius, 449; the Canuleian law passed permitting marriages between patricians and plebeians, 445; military tribunes first created, 444; office of censor instituted, 443; R. afflicted with an awful famine, and many persons on account of it drown themselves in the Tiber, 440; the Veientes defeated, and their king, Tolumnus, slain, 437; war with the Tuscans, 434; a temple is dedicated to Apollo on account of a pestilence, 433; qui and Volsci defeated, 431; two new quæstors are added to the former number, 421; another and more dreadful famine occurs at R., 411; three quæstors are chosen from the plebeians for the first time, 409; institution of the Lectisternian festival on account of a pestilence, 399; Veii taken after a siege of more than 10 yrs., 396; banishment of Camillus, 391; the Gauls,

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under Brennus, besiege Clusium, 390; they are expelled by Camillus, 389; R. burned to the ground by the Gauls, who besieged the capital, 387; M. Manlius Capitolinus thrown from the Tarpeian Rock on a charge of aiming at sovereign power, 384; the first appointment of curile magistrates, 371; Lucius Sextus, the first plebeian consul, 366; Marcus Curtius leaps into the gulf which had opened in the Forum; the Gauls defeated in Italy, 350; war with the Samnites which lasted 51 yrs.; embassy to Alexander the Great, 324; defeat at Caudium, 321; priests first elected from the plebeians, 300; end of the Samnite War, 290; the Gauls invade the Roman territory-siege of Arezzo, 284; the Etruscans defeated at the Vadimonian Lake, 310 and 283; Pyrrhus of Epirus invades Italy, 281; defeats the Romans at Pandosia, 280, and at Asculum, 278; defeated by them at Benevento, 278; all Italy subdued by R., 266; first Punic War commenced, 264; first Roman fieet built, 260; Attilius Regulus put to a cruel death by the Carthaginians, 255; end of the first Punic War-Sicily made a Roman province, 241; temple of Janus closed, 238; Corsica and Sardinia annexed, 231; first Roman embassy to Greece, 228; great invasion of the Gauls repulsed, 225; second Punic War breaks out, 218; the Romans are defeated by

emperor and assumes the title of Augustus, 27; the empire now at peace with all the world-the Temple of Janus shut (Jesus Christ born, 5;) Ovid banished to Tomi, A.D. 9; death of Ovid and Livy, 8; Tiberius retires to Caprera-tyr. anny of Sejanus, 26; a census being taken by Claudius, the emperor and censor, the inhabitants of R. are stated to amount to 6,944,000, (it is now considered that the pop. of R. within the walls was under 1,000,000,) 48; Caractacus brought in chains to R., 51; St. Paul arrives in bonds at R., 62; Nero burns R. to the ground and charges the crime upon the Christians, 64; Seneca, Lucan, etc., put to death, 65; Peter and Paul said to be put to death, 67; Jerusalem leveled to the ground by Titus, Sept. 8, 70; Coliseum founded, 75; the Dacian War, (continues 15 yrs.,) 86; Pliny, Jr., proconsul in Bithynia, sends Trajan his celebrated account of the Christians, 102; Trajan's expedition into the East against the Parthians, etc.-subdues Dacia, 106; Trajan's column erected at R., 114; Hadrian resides in Britain and builds the wall, 121; the capitol destroyed by lightning, 188; Byzantium taken-its walls razed, 196; the Goths are paid tribute, 222. (The Goths, Vandals, Alani, Suevi, and other northern nations attack the empire.) Pompey's amphitheater burned, 248; invasion of the Goths, 250; pestilence throughout the

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Hannibal at Thrasymene, 217; Cannæ, 216; Syracuse taken empire, 252; great victory over the Goths obtained by Clauby Marcellus, 212; Scipio defeats Hannibal at Zama, in dius-300,000 slain, 269; Dacia relinquished to the Goths, Africa, 202; the Macedonian wars with Philip begin, 213 270; Palmyra conquered and Longinus put to death, 273; and 200; his defeat at Cynoscephalæ, 197; death of Scipio the era of martyrs, or of Diocletian, 284; the Franks settle Africanus the Elder, 185; third Macedonian War begins, in Gaul, 287; Constantius dies at York, 306; four emperors 171; Macedon conquered and annexed, 168; first public reign at one time, 308; Constantine the Great, it is said, in library erected at R., 167; philosophers and rhetoricians consequence of a vision, places the cross on his banners and are banished from R., 161; third Punic War begins, 149; begins to favor the Christians, 312; Constantine defeats Corinth and Carthage destroyed by the Romans, 146; Nu- Licinius at Chrysopolis and reign alone, Sept. 18, 323; he mantine War in Spain, 153-133; Attalus III. of Pergamos tolerates the Christian faith, 323; puts his son Crispus to bequeaths his kingdom and riches to the Romans, 133; the death, 324; Constantine convokes the first general council Servile War in Sicily, 132; two plebeian consuls chosen, of Christians at Nice, 325; the seat of empire removed from 132; the Jugurthine War 112-106; the Mithridatic War, R. to Byzantium, 328; dedicated to Constantine, 330; Con108-63; the Ambrones defeated by Marius, 102; the Social stantine orders the heathen temples to be destroyed, 330; War, 90-88; R. besieged by four armies, (viz., those of revolt of 300,000 Sarmatian slaves suppressed, 336; death Marius, Cinna, Carbo, and Sertorius,) and taken, 87; Sylla of Constantine soon after being baptized, 337; the army defeats Marius, 82; Bithynia bequeathed to the Romans by under Julian proclaims him emperor, 360; Julian, who had King Nicomedes, 74; revolt of Spartacus and the slaves, been educated for the priesthood, and had frequently offici73-71; Syria conquered by Pompey, 65; the Catiline con- ated, abjures Christianity and re-opens the heathen temples, spiracy suppressed by Cicero, 63; the first triumvirate-becoming the pagan pontiff, 361; Julian killed in battle Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus, 60; Cæsar's campaigns in Christianity restored by Jovian, 363; the empire divided into Gaul, 58; in Britain, 55; Crassus killed by the Parthians, Eastern and Western by Valentinian and Valens, brothers53; Gaul conquered and made a province, 51; war between the former has the Western portion, or R., 364; R. placed Cæsar and Pompey, 50; Battle of Pharsalia, 48; Cæsar under the exarchate of Ravenna, 404; taken by Alaric, 410; defeats Pharnaces at Zela, and writes home "Veni, vidi, taken and pillaged by Genseric, June, 455; Odoacer takes R. vici," 47; Cato kills himself at Utica, 46; Cæsar killed in and thus becomes King of Italy, 476; R. recovered for Justhe senate-house, March 15, 44; second triumvirate-Octa- tinian by Belisarius, 536; retaken by the Goths, 546; recov vius, Antony, and Lepidus, 43; Cicero killed, proscribed by ered by Belisarius, 547; seized by Totila, 549; recovered by Antony, 43; Battle of Philippi, 42; Lepidus ejected from Narses and annexed to the Eastern Empire, 553; R. indethe triumvirate-war between Octavius and Antony, 32; pendent under the popes, about 728; Pepin of France comAntony defeated totally at Actium, 31; Octavius becomes pels Astolphus, King of the Lombards, to cede Ravenna and

ROME,

other places to the Holy Church, 755; confirmed and added to by Charlemagne, 774; Charlemagne crowned Emperor of the West by the pope at R., Dec. 25, 800.

Rome, the cap. of ancient Italy, stood on the left bank of the Tiber, about 16 m. from the sea. The legend of its origin belongs to Roman history, and is discussed partly under that heading, and partly in the article ROMULUS. It was built at first in the form of a square, (Roma Quadrata,) and gradually extended until, in the reign of Servius Tullius, it embraced one after another the famous seven hills, viz., the Palatine, Capitoline, Quirinal, Cælian, Aventine, Viminal, and Esquiline. After its first destruction in 390 B.C. by the Gauls, it was rebuilt without respect to order, and with nar

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ancient R. were the triumphal arches. The great prison of R. was the Carcer Mamertinus, built by Ancus Martius on the Capitoline, which overhangs the Forum. In addition we may mention the barracks, the aqueducts, and the sewers. R. abounded in palaces, (palatia.) On the hills around the city were laid out horti, or parks and gardens, and were adorned with handsome buildings and works of art. R. was also rich in sepulchral monuments. Modern R. occupies the plain on each side of the Tiber and the slopes of the seven hills. Its geographical position at the observatory of the Colegio Romano is lat. 41° 52′ 53" N., long. 12° 28′ 40′′ E., and its h. above the level of the sea or the Tiber, under the Ælian Bridge, is 20 ft. Pop. 440,000. The city is built on

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row, irregular streets. At the close of the wars against Carthage, Macedonia, and Syria public buildings and private houses of great architectural beauty were added; and under Augustus improvements of a similar kind were made, while the mean and narrow streets were allowed to stand. In the reign of Nero, 64 A.D., two thirds of the city was destroyed by fire. Under Aurelian, the need of fortifications led to the building of new walls. These walls, begun 271 A.D., and completed by the Emperor Probus, were 11 m. in circumference, and were afterward restored by Honorius, and partially rebuilt by Belisarius. The population at any given period cannot be exactly determined. According to the Monumentum Ancyranum the plebs urbana under Augustus amounted to 320,000; with the addition of women, senators, and knights, the inhabitants must have numbered about 650,000; while the slaves, who cannot have been less numerous than the free population, must have given an aggregate of at least 1,300,000. Considering the enlargement of the city under Vespasian we may safely set its population down at not less than 2,000,000 in his reign. In the interior of the city were several open spaces of ground, paved with stones, which were used as places of business, or as market places, and were called fora. Besides these there were other open spaces of much larger extent which were grass-grown and set with trees and works of art. Of these the chief was the Campus Martius. The chief street was the celebrated Via Sacra, remains of which are still to be seen in the Forum of modern R. R. contained no fewer than 400 temples, the oldest being the temple of the Feretrian Jupiter, on the Capitoline, which was built, according to tradition, by Romulus and restored by Augustus. The most famous in history, and the most magnificent in architecture, was the Capitolium, placed on the summit of the Capitoline. The only other temple requiring special mention was the Pantheon, built by Agrippa, 27 B.C. It is still standing. R. also abounded in covered walks, supported by columns, and open on one side. These were known as porticus, and were frequented for the purposes of recreation or of transaction of business. They were in many cases adorned with paintings and other works of art, and furnished with libraries. More particular to

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ROME-RONDELET.

Its central part is crossed by the Corso, a street about a mile long, and running from the Piazza del Popolo, or great N. entrance of R., to the Palazzo di Venezia, at the foot of the Capitol. From the Piazza del Popolo, a handsome open space, with an obelisk from the Temple of the Sun of Heliopolis in the middle, branch out to the right and left of the Corso the Piazza di Spagna, the favorite quarter of foreigners, and the Ripetta. More than half way up the Corso, and to the right, runs the wide street of the Strada del Gesù, leading to the noble church and convent of that name, the chief residence of the order of the Jesuits. On either side of the Corso the buildings are regular and substantial, and consist of palaces such as the Borghese, the Ruspoli, the Ghigi, and others. The third great division of the modern city lies on the right bank of the river, and is subdivided into two parts -the Vatican and the Trastavere. Divided from the latter by an inner wall, the Borgo or Leonine city occupies the space between the bridge of St. Angelo and Piazza of St. Peter's. Its chief buildings are the palace of the Vatican and the basilica of St. Peter's. The churches, of which there are upward of 300, form a notable feature in R., from their architecture, their paintings, and other decorations. There are two modern aqueducts which keep R. supplied with abundance of water-the Aqua Vergine and the Aqua Felice. The only great manufacture, if it can be called so, is that of pictures, original and copied; for the painting of these R. offers not only the advantage of numerous galleries of art, but purity of sky. In Oct., 1870, R., along with the rest of the papal territory, became a portion of "United Italy," under Victor Emmanuel. The pope retains the rights of a sovereign within the Vatican. See AMPHI

THEATER.

Rome, a city of Oneida Co., N. Y., on the Mohawk River and on the Erie Canal; pop. 14,991. It is on the New York Central R.R., at the terminus of the Rome, Watertown, and Ogdensburg R.R., and has 16 churches, five banks, a public library, and manufactories of locomotives, farm tools, railroad iron, cigars, etc., and six newspapers.

Rome, a flourishing and rapidly growing city of Floyd Co., Ga., on the Coosa River and on the Selma, Rome, and Dalton R.R. There are some thriving manufactures, and R. is the center of one of the most wonderful regions of the "New South." There are numerous churches, newspapers, hotels, etc. Pop. 6,957.

Rome'ro, (MATIAS,) a Mexican diplomatist, b. 1837; was admitted to the bar 1857; attached himself to the party of Juarez; was made secretary of the Mexican legation at Washington, and afterward became chargé d'affaires. After the defeat of Maximilian's attempt R. negotiated several treaties with the U. S. In 1868 was made minister of finance in Juarez's cabinet, but was obliged to retire by ill-health. After some service in Congress he resumed charge of the finances in 1876 under Diaz, but retired in 1879. He was afterward postmaster-general, but in 1881 he became superintendent of the Mexican Southern Railway. R. was soon sent again as minister to Washington, and in 1884 was re-appointed by Diaz. In 1892 he became head of the Mexican treasury. Ro'meyn, (JOHN BRODHEAD, D.D.,) a distinguished Amer. divine of the Reformed (Dutch) Church; b. in N. Y. 1778, d.

1825.

Rom'ford, a market town of the county of Essex, Eng.; pop. 6,335.

Rom'illy, (SIR SAMUEL,) an Eng. lawyer and law reformer, b. 1757. In 1806 he was, at the instance of Mr. Fox, appointed solicitor-general. He devoted himself to ameliorating the severity of the criminal law. He took active part in the antislavery agitation. The death of his wife, following upon prolonged mental exertion, preyed upon his mind, and three days afterward (Nov. 2, 1818) he died by his own hand. His second son, BARON R., was made solicitor-general in 1848, attorney-general in 1850, master of the rolls in 1851, and created a baron in 1866. D. 1874.

Romorantin, a small town of France, 25 m. S.-E. of Blois. At the siege of this town by the Black Prince in 1356 artillery is said to have been first used. Pop. 7,436.

Rom'ulus, the mythical founder of the city of Rome. He is to be regarded rather as a symbolical representation of the Roman people than as an actual individual. We will relate the story of R. as it is usually given. At Alba Longa, in Latium, there had ruled a line of kings descended from the Trojan prince, Eneas. One of these, at his death, left the kingdom to his eldest son, Numitor. Amulius, a younger brother of Numitor, deprived the latter of the sovereignty, murdered his only son, and compelled his daughter, Silvia,

to become a vestal virgin. But Silvia having become the mother of twins by the god Mars he resolved to drown all the three. A cradle containing the babes was thrown into the Anio, whence it was carried into the Tiber. The cradle was stranded at the foot of the Palatine, and the infants thus wonderfully saved from death by drowning were no less wonderfully saved from death by hunger. A she-wolf suckled them, while a woodpecker brought them whatever other food they wanted. This marvelous spectacle was at length beheld by Faustulus, who bore the infants home to

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his wife, Acca Larentia, and had them brought up with his own children. R. and his brother, Remus, although acknowledged by Numitor, did not care to remain in Alba Longa; they loved their old abode on the banks of the Tiber, and resolved to build a city there. The Palatine was chosen (by augury) for the site, and R., yoking a bullock and a heifer to a plowshare, marked out the pomerium, or boundary, on which he proceeded to build a wall. Remus laughed at the idea of keeping off enemies by such means, and to show its inefficiency scornfully leaped over it, whereupon R. slew him, but was immediately struck with remorse, and could obtain no rest till he had appeased the shade of his brother by instituting the Lemuria, or festival for the souls of the departed. The next thing which R. did was to erect a "sanctuary" on the Capitoline for runaway slaves and homicides, and by this means he soon increased the number of his followers; but as wives were much wanted R. tried to obtain them legally from the neighboring states. His efforts, however, failed, and he therefore had recourse to stratagem. Hence the celebrated rape of the Sabine women. reign of 37 yrs. R. was miraculously removed from earth, and promised to watch over them as their guardian god under the name of Quirinus. The festival of the Quirinalia (Feb. 17) was instituted in his honor.

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Roncesvalles, one of the valleys in Navarre, on the S. side of the Pyrenees, about 20 m. N.-N.-E. of Pamplona, has been rendered famous in poem and story as the scene of a defeat sustained by the army of Charlemagne at the hands of a combined force of Arabs, Navarrese, and French Gascons in 778. In this action fell ROLAND, (q. v.,) the famous paladin and the hero of a hundred romances.

Ron'da, a picturesque Moorish town of Spain, in the modern prov. of Malaga; pop. 23,500. Rondelet, (WILLIAM,) a Fr. naturalist, b. at Montpellier in 1507, d. 1566.

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