Sco'ter, (Oidemia,) a genus of the oceanic section of well. The government of Charles II. and James VII, was ducks, having a short broad bill with an elevated knob at the base of the upper mandible, the tip much flattened, and terminated by a large flat nail; the wings of moderate length; the tail short and acute; the feet very large; the plumage generally very dark. Their food consists chiefly of marine shell-fish, crustaceans, etc. The common S. or black S. (O. Nigra) is about the Surf-scoter. size of the common duck. The whole plumage of the male oppressive and corrupt. The result was the Revolution, which seated William and Mary on the throne. The discon tent of the Scotch was greatly increased by the fears entertained of English influence. The state of matters grew so threatening after the accession of Queen Anne that the ruling English statesmen became satisfied that nothing but a union between the two kingdoms could avert the danger of a disputed succession to the throne and of a civil war. They were successful in carrying through their design, though it was opposed by a majority of the Scottish people. The Act of Union was formally ratified by the Parliament of S. in 1707. S. has greatly increased in prosperity during the last century. Area 29,785 sq. m.; pop. 4,025,647. however, sculptured on Melrose Abbey as early as 1505. In 1604, in consequence of the union of the crowns of England and Scotland, the Scottish arms came to be quartered with those of England and Ireland, while one of the English lions was adopted as a supporter. Scott, (Charles,) statesman; Gov. of Ky. 1808-12; was a Revolutionary general, doing good service at Trenton, Germantown, Stony Point, and Monmouth; b. in Va. 1733, d. 1820. 99.66 Scotland, Church of. See PRESBYTERIANS. Scot'land, Royal Arms of. The arms of Scotland are or, a lion rampant gules, armed and langued azure, within Scotland. For the geography see GREAT BRITAIN. His- a double tressure flory counterflory fleurs-de-lis of the second. tory. The original Scotia or S. was Ireland, and the Scoti or Supporters.-Two unicorns argent armed maned and unguled Scots at their first appearance in authentic history were the or, gorged with open crowns, with chains affixed thereto, and people of Ireland. The Scots were a Celtic race, and their reflexed over the back of the last. Crest.-A lion sejant aforiginal seat in North Britain was in Argyle, from whence they fronté gules crowned, or, holding in the dexter paw a sword, spread themselves along the W. coast from the Firth of and in the sinister a scepter, both erect proper. The lion is. Clyde to the modern Ross. The name of S. seems to have first seen on the seal of Alexander II., and the tressure on been given to the united kingdom of Picts and Scots in the that of Alexander III. The unicorn supporters do not ap10th c. It was then sometimes styled, by way of distinction, pear on any of the royal seals of Scotland till the time of Scotia Nova, (New S.,) and it was a considerable time Queen Mary, on whose first great seal (1550) they are repreafterward before the name of S. was applied to it to the ex-sented as chained and gorged with crowns. They were, clusion of Ireland. This interchange of names was a fruitful source of dispute between Irish and Scottish writers in the 16th and following c., and it can hardly be said that even now the controversy is entirely at an end. The first prince of the British Scots was Fergus, son of Erc, who crossed over to Britain about the yr. 503. His great grandson, Conal, was king of the British Scots when Columba began the conversion of the northern Picts. Conal's nephew, Aidan, was a powerful prince, and more than once successfully invaded the English border. The history of Aidan's Scott, (DAVID,) a Scottish painter, b. in Edinburgh 1806. successors is obscure and uninteresting. In the middle of He commenced his career as an artist by an apprenticeship the 9th c. by a revolution the Scots acquired a predominance to his father, who was a landscape engraver. The first proin North Britain. Kenneth, lineal descendant of Aidan, laid duction sent to the British Institution was "Lot and His claim to the British kingdom. The last addition to S. in the Daughters Fleeing from the Cities of the Plain." In 1831 S. took place under Malcolm II., son of Kenneth, who ac- he exhibited the "Monograms of Man," a series of singu quired the Merse and Teviotdale from the Earl of Northum-larly suggestive sketches; and the first of his illustrations to bria, and thus advanced his kingdom on the E. border to the Coleridge's Ancient Mariner. In 1832 he went to Rome, reTweed. The long reign of Malcolm III. was the commence- turning in 1834. D. 1849. His best productions are: ment of a great social and political revolution in S. His "Ariel and Caliban," "Alchemist," "Philoctetes," "Queen residence in England and marriage with the English Princess Elizabeth in the Globe Theater," "Silenus Praising Wine," Margaret led to the introduction of English customs, the "Richard III.," Vasco de Gama Encountering the Spirit of English language, and an English population in the N. and the Cape," etc. W. districts of the kingdom. English influence continued to increase during the reigns of Edgar, Alexander I., and David. David was a great reformer in Church and State. David's grandson, Malcolm IV., reigned for 12 yrs., and William the Lion, Malcolm's brother, ruled from 1165 to 1214. Alexander III. was one of the ablest and best of Scottish kings. By a treaty with the King of Norway he added to his kingdom Man and the other islands of the Western Sea. On the death of the infant granddaughter of Alexander III., in 1290, the succession to the crown was disputed. The decision between the two chief claimants, Baliol and Bruce, was referred to Edward I. of England. This great king was bent on uniting the British islands under one scepter, and in the pursuit of that object he sacrificed humanity, honor, and justice. The national spirit of the Scots was finally roused, and there ensued a long struggle for independence. The reign of David II., and those of his successors, Robert II. and Robert III., the first two princes of the House of Stuart, were the most wretched period of Scottish history. The vigorous rule of James I. restored tranquillity, but he was assassinated. James II., James III., James IV., James V., Mary, and James VI. all succeeded while under age. The last addition to the Scottish kingdom was made in the reign of James III., when the islands of Orkney and Zetland were made over to him as the dowry of his queen, Margaret of Denmark. During the reign of James V. religious discord added another element to the evils with which S. was afflicted. James VI. struggled hard to establish an absolute supremacy, both in Church and State. After his accession to the English crown he was apparently successful in carrying out his designs, but the opponents of the crown bound themselves together by the Solemn League and Covenant, Scott, (ORANGE,) b. in Brookfield, Vt., 1800; entered the and their efforts were completely successful, but their suc- Meth. ministry 1822 in New England Conference; became a cess led to the utter overthrow of the monarchy by Crom-conspicuous advocate of antislavery 1834; with Jotham Scott, (GUSTAVUS H.,) naval officer, b. in Va. 1812; was successively lieutenant, commander, captain, commodore, and rear-admiral U. S. navy; retired 1874; d. 1882. Scott, (HENRY L.,) author of Scott's Military Dictionary, b. in N. C. 1814. He served in the Mexican War, and held various positions under Gen. Winfield Scott; became Inspector-Gen. U.S.A. 1861; resigned 1862. D. 1886. Scott, (JOHN M.,) soldier; brigadier-general in the Revolutionary army; aided in drawing up the Constitution of N. Y.; was a member of the Continental Congress 1780-83; b. in N. Y. 1730, d. 1784. Scott, (LEVI,) Bishop of the M. E. Church, b. in Del. 1802. He was licensed to preach in 1825, and in 1826 was ceived into the Philadelphia Conference. The yrs. till 1834 were spent in pastoral work, and in that yr. he was appointed Presiding Elder of Delaware District. In 1840 he became Principal of Dickinson Grammar School, at Carlisle, which position he held for three yrs. In 1848 he was elected one of the book agents at New York. In 1852 he was elected bishop. He d. 1882. Scott, (SIR MICHAEL,) a mediæval scholar and philosopher of the 13th c. whose real history is unknown. According to the Scottish legend, he was buried in the Abbey of Melrose, and the border was the scene of many of his most wonderful exploits. Dante mentions him in his Inferno in a way that shows that already his fame as a magician had spread over the Continent. All that any one can believe is that a certain Michael S., or Michael the Scot, flourished in the 13th c., and was mistaken by the common people of his country for a wizard or magician, probably on account of his skill as an experimentalist in natural philosophy. Horton and Le Roy Sunderland seceded from the M. E. Church and formed the "True Wesleyan " Church 1842; d. 1847. Scott, (ROBERT, D.D.,) minister and author, b. in England 1811; was associated with Dean Liddell in preparing Liddell and Scott's Greek Lexicon; d. 1887. Scott, (THOMAS, D.D.,) minister and author; editor of Family Bible, with Notes; b. in England 1747, d. 1821. Scott, (THOMAS A.,) statesman, b. in Pa. 1824; became an agent of the Pennsylvania R.R. Company 1850; its vicepresident in 1859, and its president in 1874; was also president of several other companies, and was Assistant Sec. of War 1861; d. 1881. Scott, (SIR WALTER,) fourth child of WALTER S., Writer to the Signet in Edinburgh, Scotland; b. in that city 1771. He came of the old border family, the Ss. of Harden, an offshoot from the house of Buccleuch. Though he matured into a man of robust health, as a child he was feeble and sickly, and was ing he wrote the fine ballads Glenfinlas, the Eve of St. John, and the Gray Brother. The yr. 1802 gave to the world the first two volumes of his Border Minstrelsy, which were followed in 1803 by a third and final one. This work at once won for him a prominent place among the literary men of the time. In 1804 he issued an edition of the old poem Sir Tristram. By the publication in 1805 of The Lay of the Last Minstrel S. became at a bound the most popular author of his day. During the next 10 yrs., besides a mass of miscellaneous work, he gave to the world the poems Marmion, The Lady of the Lake, The Vision of Don Roderick, Rokeby, The Bridal of Triermain, anonymously published, The Lord of the Isles, and The Field of Waterloo. In Waverley, which appeared without his name in 1814, he achieved the first of a new and more splendid series of triumphs. Guy Mannering, The Antiquary, The Black Dwarf, Old Mortality, Rob Roy, and The Heart of Midlothian rapidly followed, and the hour. In 1820, to set a seal upon all this distinction, a baronetcy was bestowed upon him as a special mark of the royal favor. Financial misfortune led him to redouble his efforts, and he literally wrote for money. He produced upward of 20 novels in the next 10 yrs., and the strain was terrific. In 1830 he was smitten down with paralysis, from which he never thoroughly rallied. It was hoped that the climate of Italy might benefit him; and by the government of the day a frigate was placed at his disposal in which to proceed thither. But in Italy he pined for his home. Returning, he d. at Abbotsford 1832, and was buried beside his wife in the old Abbey of Dryburgh. smitten with a lameness which remained with him through "Great Unknown," as he was called, became the idol of the life. His childhood was passed for the most part at Sandyknowe, the farm of his grandfather, in Roxburghshire. Between the yrs. 1779 and 1783 he attended the High School of Edinburgh, where he shone more on the playground as a bold, high-spirited, and indomitable little fellow, with an odd turn for story-telling, than as a student. In 1783 he went to the university and remained there three yrs. In 1786 he was articled apprentice to his father, in whose office he worked as a clerk till 1792, in which yr. he was called to the bar. In his profession he had fair success, and in 1797 he was married to Charlotte Margaret Carpenter, a lady of French birth and parentage. Toward the end of 1799, through the interest of his friends Lord Melville and the Duke of Buccleuch, he was made sheriff-depute of Selkirkshire, an appointment which brought him £300 a yr., with not very much to do for it. Meantime, in a tentative and intermit-in Gen. Wilkinson's division, stationed at Baton Rouge, La., tent way, his leisure had been occupied with literature, which more and more distinctly announced itself as the main business of his life. His first publication, a translation of Burger's ballads, Lenore and The Wild Huntsman, was issued in 1796. In 1798 appeared his translation of Goethe's drama of Goetz von Berlichingen; and in the yr. follow Scott, (WINFIELD,) an Amer. general, b. at Petersburg, Va., of Scottish ancestry, 1786. In 1808, having a genius for military pursuits, he was appointed Capt. of Light Artillery but was suspended for having accused his general of complicity with the conspiracy of Aaron Burr. At the commencement of the War of 1812 he was appointed lieutenant-colonel, and sent to the Canadian frontier. He crossed with his regiment at Queenstown Heights, where the Amer. troops were at first successful; but on the British receiving re-enforce |