Upper and Lower Avon on the E., and the Teme and Wye on the W. The bore, or tidal wave, which rushes up the S. with a velocity at times of 14 m. an hour, rises the water 9 ft. in h. at Gloucester, below which embankments have been constructed along the water-course to prevent inundation. Severus. See ALEXANDER SEVERUS. Seve'rus, (CORNELIUS,) a famous Roman poet who flourished in the reign of Augustus.

Seve'rus, (L. SEPTIMIUS,) a Roman emperor, b. 146 A.D., near Leptis Magna, on the N. coast of Africa. After receiving an excellent education, he removed to Rome, where he became prætor 178 A.D. He was subsequently commander of a legion in Gaul, and Gov. of Gallia, Lugdunensis, Pannonia, and other provinces. After the murder of Pertinax he was proclaimed emperor, 193 A.D. A glorious campaign in the East, and a three-yrs.' siege, followed by the capture of Byzantium, were followed by a desperate struggle with his jealous rival, Clodius Albinus, whom he conquered 197 A.D. S. met with the most brilliant success in the campaign of 198 A.D. against the Parthians, and took and plundered their cap., Ctesiphon. After a war with the Arabs, in which his usual good fortune deserted him, and a general visit to his various E. dominions, he returned to Rome, 202 A.D., and gratified the popular taste by the exhibition of shows of unparalleled magnificence. A rebellion in Britain drew him to that country in 208 A.D.; and at the head of an immense army he marched, it is said, to the extreme N. of the island, encountering enormous hardships, to which no less than 50,000 of his soldiers succumbed, and securing no permanent advantages. To secure to some extent the natives of southern Britain from the incursions of the Meatæ and Caledonians S. commenced the wall which bears his name, and d. soon after at York, 211 A.D.

Seve'rus, Wall of, a rampart of stone built by the Roman Emperor Severus in Britain, 208 A.D., between the Tyne and Solway. On the first subjugation of Britain by the Romans a line of forts had been constructed by Agricola, extending from the Forth of Edinburgh to the Clyde at Dumbarton. The Emperor Hadrian, on visiting Britain 120 A.D., threw up for the protection of the Roman province a wall of turf extending across the narrowest part of the island, between Tyne and Solway. Twenty yrs. later Antoninus Pius, whose lieutenant, Lollius Urbicus, had gained fresh advantages over the N. tribes, endeavored to check the inroads of the Caledonians by erecting another rampart of earth between the Forth and Clyde, connecting Agricola's line of forts. But after a vain struggle of 60 yrs. the Romans found it necessary to abandon the whole district between the walls, and Septimius Severus built a rampart of stone immediately to the N. of the wall of Hadrian. Toward the close of the 4th c. Theodosius, for a brief period, re-asserted the Roman dominion over the district between the walls of Antonine and Severus, which, in honor of the Emperor Valens, obtained the name of Valentia. But this newly established province was soon lost, and it was not long before the Romans finally abandoned Britain. Many remains of the Roman walls are yet to be traced.

Se'vier, (AMBROSE H.,) statesman; U. S. senator from Ark. 1837-48; b. 1802, d. 1848.

Se'vier Lake, area 140 sq. m.; 1. 20 m., w. 10 m.; lies in western Utah, at an elevation of 4,600 ft. It has no outlet, and is composed of salt water. The valley in which it is situated is an uninhabited desert, over which it is supposed the lake formerly extended, discharging into Great Salt Lake. At a still more remote time both lakes were one, which overflowed to the ocean through Snake and Columbia Rivers. Its extreme 1. was 125 m., and it has been named Bonneville. It was probably coeval with the glacial period.

Sevigné, Madame de, (MARIE DE RABUTIN-CHANTAL,) b. at Paris 1626. She was the only daughter of the Baron de Chantal, Celse-Benigne de Rabutin, and his wife, Marie de Coulange. At the age of 18 she was married to the Marquis Henri de Sevigné, the representative of an ancient house in Brittany, who was killed in a duel 1651, and Mme. de S., left with a son and daughter, retired almost wholly from society, and devoted herself to their education. In 1654 she returned to Paris, where her beauty, her wit, her happy social tact and vivacity, concurred, with the charm of her sweet and kindly nature, to insure her unrivaled success in the brilliant society of the period. Her lovers were legion, and among them were numbered some of the most distinguished men of whom France could then boast, as the Prince de Conti, Turenne, Fouquet, the superintendent of finance, and others. But all offers of marriage she steadily declined. Her affection for her daughter, who in 1669 became Mme. de Grig

nan, was the ruling passion of her life. This daughter was one of the most beautiful and accomplished women of her time, and every way worthy of the love thus lavished without stint upon her. If it was the one main grief of Mme. de S. to be forced to live apart from her, the happiness of dying beside her may perhaps have a little consoled her for it. In 1696 she d. at the age of 70. The Letters of Mme. de S., on which her fame rests, are charming in the abandon and easy, naïve frankness with which they reveal her beautiful nature. They sparkle with French esprit and spontaneous gayety of heart.

Seville, (Span. Sevilla, the Hispalis of the Romans,) a city of Spain, formerly cap. of the ancient kingdom, and now of the modern prov. of the same name, stands on the left bank of the Guadalquivir. The city is almost circular in shape, is surrounded by Moorish walls, surmounted with 66 (formerly 166) towers, and pierced with 15 gates, and is 5 m., or including its 10 suburbs 10 m., in circumference. Held by the Moors for five centuries, and entirely rebuilt by them from the materials of former Roman edifices, S. was long a purely Moorish city, and the old Moorish houses, which age in this dry climate

has done little to destroy, are still the best houses to be seen. Half of the city still preserves its ancient character, but changes are taking place every yr. The cathedral, one of the largest and finest in Spain, is an imposing edifice. It was completed in 1519, is 431 ft. 1. and 315 ft. w., and is superbly decorated. Its windows are among the finest in Spain, and it contains paintings by Murillo, Vargas, the Herreras, etc. Attached to the cathedral is one of the most remarkable towers in the world. It is called the Giralda, (i. e., a weather-cock in the form of a statue,) and is 350 ft. h. The royal residence, the Alcazar, (Al-Kasr, "House of Cæsar,") contains several noble halls, and much delicate ornamentation that rivals that of the Alhambra. The house in which Murillo lived and died is still to be seen here. S. contains 74 churches and many educational institutions. The Plaza de Toros can accommodate 12,000 spectators. There is regular communication with Cadiz both by river and rail. Pop. about 143,182.

Sèvres, a town of France, in the Dept. of Seine-et-Oise, 6 m. from Paris. It is celebrated for its manufacture of

porcelain wares, which are unsurpassed for elegance of design and beauty of painting. It contains a ceramic museum, distilleries, nurseries, print-works, etc. Painted glass is also manufactured. Pop. 6,511.

Sèvres, Deux, an inland dept. in the W. of France, between the Depts. of Vienne on the E. and Vendée on the W.; area 2,317 sq. m., pop. 354,282. The dept. takes its name from two rivers of the same name, the Sèvre-Niortaise, and the Sèvre-Nantaise, an affluent of the Loire. It is trav ersed by a chain of hills, called in the S.-E. the Monts du Poitou, and in the N. the Plateau de Gatine. Niort is the cap.

Sew'age, strictly, the contents of a sewer. It is of the first importance to health for houses, both in the town and in the country, that all filth should be removed from them as speedily as possible, and disposed of in such manner as to cease to be injurious to mankind. It may be taken as a safe

closet should be surrounded with brick walls, and, in fact, isolated from all other parts of the house. The window of the closet, when inside the house, should always reach the ceiling; and a ventilating shaft is desirable where the closet is much

VENTILATION PIPE

House Draining on the Waring System of Automatic Flushing.

used, and the window must be shut occasionally. The ordinary water that passes into the drains leading from any closet-such as is discharged each time the handle is raisedis not sufficient to sweep out thoroughly all the solid matter from the drain pipes, and therefore a flushing apparatus at the highest point of all sets of drains is essential, so that a

h

The McClellan Trap.

body of water may be allowed to pass down with a rush at least two or three times a week. It is also desirable that the foul air engendered in the drain pipes themselves should have some free outlet into the air at some point where it will not be injurious. The gas given off under such circumstances is of a very light character, and has a great tendency to ascend

and draw toward heat. The smallest size of pipes of any description that should be used for removing S. from a house is 6 in. in diameter. Greasy water, such as is poured down from the kitchen and scullery of a house, is one of the constant causes of stoppages. The fat as it cools congeals on the sides of the pipes and forms a hard cake. The best method of preventing this is to form a small cesspool into which the kitchen water is poured first, and then to take an overflow through a siphon into the foul drain, so that the liquid only enters, while the fat can be removed by hand from the cess. pool. The ultimate disposal of the S. of great cities is one of the economic problems of the day. The value of human excreta for manure is immense, containing as it does all the ingredients taken from the soil by growing plants. Usually the S. is allowed to pollute rivers or water-courses, or, as in the case of London, is hurried out to sea. Various methods of utilizing the solid parts of S. have been experimented with, but as yet no entirely satisfactory plan has been discov. ered, though several garbage and S. crematories have been devised and tried. Desiccation and drying would seem to be the direction in which a solution of the problem is to be looked for.

Sew'all, (JONATHAN, LL.D.,) a distinguished Boston jurist, who, taking the Tory side at the Revolution, settled in New Brunswick, and was Judge of the Court of Vice-Admiralty; b. 1728, d. 1796. JONATHAN, his son, was Chief-Justice of Lower Canada 1808-38.

Sew'all, (SAMUEL,) a pioneer colonist of Mass., b. in England 1652, d. 1730; married Hannah Hull, daughter of the celebrated Boston mint-master; was Assistant Gov. of Mass. 1684-86. As chief-justice S. presided at the witchcraft trials, (1692,) and publicly asked pardon on fast day, 1697. He devoted much thought to philanthropic objects, being the first Boston antislavery advocate. A long line of his de. scendants, direct or collateral, have figured conspicuously in New England life.

Sew'ard, a village and the cap. of Seward Co., Neb., on the Nebraska R.R., having thriving industries and a pop. of 2,800.

Sew'ard, (ANNA,) a clever Eng. poetess, whose works were published by Sir Walter Scott; b 1747, d. 1809.

Sew'ard, (FREDERICK W., LL.D.,) politician and journalist; associate editor of the Albany Evening Journal, and U. S. Assistant Sec. of State 1861, and subsequently member of the N. Y. Legislature.

Florida, N. Y., 1801, of Welsh and Irish descent. S. entered Sew'ard, (WILLIAM HENRY,) an Amer. statesman, b. in Union Coll, at 15; in 1819 he visited the South, and was engaged for six months as a school-teacher in Ga. Called to the bar in 1822, he settled at Auburn, N. Y., and became the partner and son-in-law of Judge Miller. In 1825 his po

litical abilities were manifested in an oration delivered at Syracuse, and in 1828 he was chosen president of a State convention. At this period N. Y. was the center of wide-spread excitement against Freemasons, and S., as a leading antimason, was elected to the State Senate. In 1834 he was candidate for the office of Gov. of N. Y., but was defeated by the Democratic candidate. In 1838 he was elected Gov. of N. Y. In this position he recommended the increase of education, internal improvements, a liberal policy toward foreign immigrants, and took the side of abolition in the growing controversies on slavery. In 1849 he was elected to the Senate of the U. S., where he became the acknowledged leader of his party, and in the debate on the admission of Calif. he promulgated what was called his "higher-law" doctrine, in saying that there was "a higher law than the Constitution. which regulated the authority of Congress over the national domain-the law of God and the interests of humanity." In 1860 he was the most prominent candidate of the Republican party for nomination for the Presidency, but personal and local interests finally secured the election of Abraham Lin coln, while Mr. S. accepted the important post of Sec. of State, in which he guided the diplomacy of the federal gov. ernment through the perils of the war for the Union with an almost unparalleled industry, energy, and success. On April 14, 1865, as the war approached its termination, and while S. was confined to his room by a fall from his carriage, President Lincoln was assassinated at a theater in Washington. At the same time another assassin penetrated the room of Mr. S. and dangerously wounded his son, and with a poignard inflicted wounds upon him which were at first believed to be fatal. He recovered and continued to ably fill the responsible office of Sec. of State throughout the presidency of Mr. Lincoln's successor, Andrew Johnson, when he conducted negotiations

by which the U. S. purchased from Russia those territories in N. Am. now called Alaska. He resigned his office in 1869, on the accession of U. S. Grant. He published speeches and orations in four volumes, a Life of John Quincy Adams, and a Life of De Witt Clinton. D. 1872.

Sewel'lel, a gregarious, burrowing rodent found on the Pacific coast, whose skin is used by the Indians as an article of dress.

Sew'ing-machine, one of the most important inventions of this century. Like the stocking frame, which in principle it closely resembles, we owe it to the ingenuity of a poor mechanic, striving to lessen the labor which he saw was a real hardship upon his wife and other women. Elias Howe, a native of Mass., in 1841 completed the first working S., the patent for which was granted to him in May of that yr. He did not succeed in inducing the people to see the value of his patent, and went to England, where, after patenting it again, he met with so much discouragement that he sold his patent for $1,250. When Howe reached his own country again he found his Amer. patent pirated by a wealthy company; but with admirable spirit he asserted his rights, and succeeded in establishing them. Howe's machine worked what is called the lock-stitch, but since his invention became known numerous improvements and modifications have been introduced by other inventors. Attachments of different kinds have been made to the best machines. Thirty-two S. companies were formed in the U. S. from 1869-75, the aggregate sales of which show about 6,000,000 machines. Only one or two patents are still in force, many companies have dropped off, and some have consolidated.

Sexages'imals, a mode of arithmetical calculation introduced by the ancient Greek astronomers, especially by Ptolemy, into astronomical and geometrical reckoning. It was founded upon the division of the circle into 360 parts, and the radius, being nearly one sixth of the circumference, was considered to contain 60 of these parts or degrees. Continuing the same mode of subdivision, each degree () on the radius was divided into 60 minutes, (,) each minute into 60 seconds, (",) and thirds, ("",) fourths, ("""',) etc., followed in the same relation to each other. Addition and subtraction are not altered in this method, but multiplication, division, and the extraction of roots are to a considerable extent. Multiplication, the most used of these three operations, was carried on in the descending scale.

2327

ularly to the horizon, in observations in the plane of the line joining the two objects. In taking noon observations at sea, to determine the latitude, the observer takes his place shortly before meridian, and turning down one or several of the shades, to prevent his eye being injured by the glare, directs the telescope or sight-tube to the sun, moving the index so as to bring its reflected image to coincide with the sea horizon; as the sun rises, he gradually advances the limb, clamping it and using the regulating screw for this purpose, as the sun's path

Sex'tans, ("the Sextant,") one of the 10 new constellations added to the heavens by Hevelius in his Prodomus Astronomia in 1690, of which eight have survived to the present day. It is surrounded by Leo, Crater, and Hydra. Not having been known as a constellation in Bayer's time, it has gone without Greek letters attached to its stars till recently, when Gould assigned them to five of its brightest stars. is a very inconspicuous constellation, the brightest star being only of the 4.9 magnitude.

It

Sex'tant, an instrument for measuring the angular distance of objects by means of reflection. The principle of its construction depends upon the theorem that if a ray of light suffer double reflection the angle between the original ray and its direction after the second reflection is double of the angle made by the reflecting surfaces. The instrument of which this theorem is the principle is a brass sector of a circle in outline, the sector being the sixth part of a complete circle, for which reason the instrument is called a S. It consists of a graduated limb, A, A, forming about the sixth part of a circle, (whence the name S.) Two glass mirrors, B, C, adjusted to it perpendicularly to its surface, have for object to reflect the rays of light coming from the objects under observation. D, E, is a telescope, which collects and transmits to the eye the rays of light emanating from the small mirror, C. This little mirror is fixed on the S.; while the large mir ror, B, can turn round the center of the limb, with the alidade, F, of which it forms a part. An index and a vernier, placed at the extremity of the alidade, permit to read on the graduated limb the quantity of which the large mirror has turned. The alidade is fixed to the limb by a bolt-screw and a regulating screw, which give to it, and to the mirror, B, a slow motion, permitting to bring them exactly in the position they have to occupy. A microscope, G, is adapted to the alidade, F, at the extremity of an arm which can turn around the point, a, so as to bring it above the divisions of the vernier. His the handle, attached to the back of the frame. When observing altitudes, the instrument is held perpendic

composed of two successive triplets is sometimes, though not very correctly, also called a S., and written as such, though it is

more correct to divide it into its component two triplets, thus:

Sex'ton, an under officer of the church, whose business it is to take care of the vessels, vestments, etc., belonging to the church; to attend on the officiating clergymen, and to perform other duties pertaining to the church, as digging graves, and the like.

Sex'tus Empir'icus, a philosophic physician of the 3d c., b. in Africa, and known chiefly by three books of skeptical philosophy, designed to prove that the possession of certain knowledge is impossible.

Seychelles Co'coa-nut, or Double Cocoa-nut, (Lodoicea Seychellarum,) a palm of which the fruit has some re semblance to a cocoa-nut, although it belongs to a different tribe of palms, being allied to the Palmyra Palm. It is found only in the Seychelles Islands; and the fruit, wafted by the winds to the shores of the Maldive Islands, or found floating in the Indian Ocean, was long the subject of many fables, and is still an object of interest and curiosity, and as such one of the minor articles of commerce. The tree grows to the h. of 50 or 60 ft., with a tuft of immense leaves.

Seychelles Islands, situated nearly in the center of the Indian Ocean, between 3° 40' to 5° 35' S. lat., and 55° 15' to 56° 0' E. long, a group of more than 30 isles, resting on an extensive bank of sand and coral, forming the most impor. tant of the dependencies to the colony of Mauritius. The principal are Mahé, Praslin, Silhouette, La Digne, Curieuse, St. Anne, Aux Cerfs, Frégate, Marianne, Longue, and Du Sud

Est. Mahé, the most populous of the group, and the seat of government, is 18 m. 1. and from 3 to 5 m. w. The islands are mountainous, often rising abruptly from the sea, and are clothed with the most luxuriant verdure; one of the peaks, named Mont Blanc, in Mahé, attains an altitude of 3,000 ft. The principal port is Victoria, on the N.-E. side of Mahé. Coral is growing very rapidly all around this group of islands. In the neighborhood of Port Victoria there is a beautiful church built of coral. Pop. 11,082.

Sey'mour, (GEORGE F.,) minister and educator, b. 1829; he was first Pres. of St. Stephen's Coll., Annandale, N. Y.; was elected Dean of the General Theological Seminary (P. E.) 1875, and Bishop of Springfield Diocese, Ill., 1878.

Sey'mour, (HORATIO, LL.D.,) statesman; U. S. senator from Vt. 1821-33; b. at Litchfield, Conn., 1778, d. 1857. Sey'mour, (HORATIO, LL.D.,) an able Amer. statesman, b. in N. Y. 1810. He was Gov. of N. Y. 1853-55; re-elected as a War-Democrat 1862, and nominated for the Presidency 1868. He was for yrs. a prime favorite with the Democratic party, and acquired a wide reputation for scholarship and moral rectitude. D. 1886.

Sey'mour, (THOMAS,) an Eng. nobleman, b. 1505; brother of the Protector Somerset; privately married to Catharine Parr, widow of Henry VIII.; custodian of the Princess Elizabeth and of Lady Jane Grey; accused of treason, attainted, and beheaded 1549.

Sey'mour, (THOMAS H.,) statesman and diplomate, b. 1808, d. 1868; edited the Jeffersonian 1837; he served with honor in the Mexican War; was Gov. of Conn. 1850-53; minister to Russia 1853-57.

Sey'mour, Fam'ily of. This family, whose history is largely interwoven with that of England, was originally settled at St. Maur-whence its name-in Normandy. Going over to England, the Seymours obtained lands in Monmouth. shire as early as the beginning of the 13th c. In 1497 Sir John S. suppressed the insurrection of Lord Audley and the Cornish rebels, and subsequently accompanied King Henry VIII. to his wars in France. Of the issue of this knight one daughter became the wife of Henry VIII., and the mother of Edward VI.; the eldest son, Elward, was created Lord Seymour of Hache, and Duke of Somerset. He was made Lord High Treasurer, and eventually "Protector and Governor" of the king and his realms. Two yrs.' tenure of his all but regal power, by the influence of Dudley, Earl of Warwick and Duke of Northumberland, was followed by an attainder of his honors, which was not reversed for more than a century. The eldest son of the Protector married the Lady Catharine Grey, a grandniece of Henry VIII., sister of the unfortunate Lady Jane Grey. His grandson, who succeeded him in the earldom of Hertford, was sent to prison for marrying Lady Arabella Stuart, cousin of James I., but subsequently playing a conspicuous part in the royal cause in the civil wars obtained pardon, and in 1660 took his seat in the House of Peers as second Duke of Somerset. Charles S., known in history as the "Proud Duke of Somerset," filled several high posts in the courts of Charles II., William III., and Anne. His son, Algernon, seventh duke, was created Earl of Northumberland. Sir Edward S. was eighth duke. From him the present holder of the title directly descended.

Seyne, La, a small sea-port of France, on the shore of the Mediterranean, in the Dept. of Var. Fishing and navigation are the chief employments. Pop. 7,233.

Seys, (JOHN, D.D.,) b. Santa Cruz, West Indies, March 30, 1799; entered the Wesleyan ministry 1829; came to New York and entered the ministry of the M. E. Church 1830; sent as Meth. minister to Liberia 1834; returned to U. S. 1842, but several times revisited Africa; was agent of the Colonization Society, and minister resident of the U. S. to the Republic of Liberia; d. Feb. 9, 1882.

Sèze, de, (RAYMOND,) a conspicuous Fr. royalist, b. 1748; made an eloquent plea for Louis XVI. at his trial; d. 1828. Sez'ze, or Sez'za, a city of southern Italy, in the prov. of Rome, with 7,000 inhabitants. It is a very ancient city, and stil! preserves some remains of a triple wall, of Cyclopean architecture, which surrounded the rock on which it stands. Sforʼza, a celebrated Ital. family, which played a most important part in the affairs of Italy during the 15th and 16th c., swayed the destinies of northern Italy for many yrs., and allied itself with the first sovereign houses in Europe. Its founder was a peasant of Cotignola, in the Romagna, by name Giacomo, or Muzio Attendolo, (b. 1369,) who by his intelligence and courage rose to a high position in the band to which he belonged. Count Alberigo de Barbiano, the

founder of Italian "condottierism," bestowed upon him, on account of his prowess, the name of S., (Ital. " the forcer;") and such was his reputation that he speedily found himself the independent leader of a band of condottieri, and offered his services to the King of Naples. Queen Joanna II. made him constable of that kingdom, but dying soon after, 1424, he left his devoted followers to the chieftainship of his nat ural son, Francesco S., then 23 yrs. of age. Francesco sold his sword to the highest bidder, and fought for or against the pope, Milan, Venice, and Florence. He invented an im.. proved system of tactics, and victory was certain for the party which he supported. It was thus no great act of con. descension in the Duke of Milan, the haughty Visconti, to confer upon him the hand of his daughter, Bianca, with Cremona and Pontremoli as a dowry. S., by a combination of force and stratagem, obtained his elevation to the dukedom of Milan, 1450, after the decease of his father-in-law. He established his authority over all Lombardy, and several districts S. of the Po; acquired the esteem of Louis XI., who gave up to him Savona and Genoa; and, after gaining the universal love of his subjects, d. 1466. The successors to his power possessed few of his distinguished talents. His son, Galeazzo-Maria S., (1466-76,) was a true tyrant, without a single redeeming feature in his character. He was assassinated. His son, Giovanni-Gareazzo S., (1476-94,) succeeded under the regency of his mother, Bona of Savoy. But her brother-in-law, the ambitious Lodovico, banished her and assumed the regency. Finding the young duke in his way, Lodovico put him and his wife, Isabella of Calabria, in prison, and Lodovico-Maria, (1494-1500,) becoming alarmed at the rapid progress of the French in Italy, joined the league against them, and was rewarded by being driven from his duchy, which was seized by the troops of Louis XII., (1499.) The following yr. he was made prisoner and carried to France. His eldest son, Massimiliano S., (1512-15,) regained the duchy of Milan, and with the aid of the Swiss steadily repulsed the attempts of the French to recover it; but in 1515 he abandoned his rights to the French for a pension of 30,000 ducats, glad to be free from the insolence and exactions of his allies, and the attacks of his enemies. His brother, FrancescoMaria S., succeeded nominally to the Milanese after the battle of Pavia, but was a mere puppet in the hands of Charles V., and on his death, 1535, and the extinction of the main line of the house of S., the duchy was quietly swallowed up by Austria. The Lords of Pesaro, (extinct in 1515,) the Counts of Santa-Fiora, in Tuscany, still existing, and the Dukes of S.-Cesarini, descend from collateral branches of the family.

Sforza'to, Sforzan'do, (Ital. "forced,") in Mus., often contracted sf, a term used to indicate that the note over or under which it is placed is to be played with strength and em. phasis. A higher degree of emphasis is indicated by sff, or S. assai.

Shad.

Shad, (Clupea Sapidissima,) a genus of fishes of the family Clupeide, of the same genus as the herring, etc. The teeth are very small, on the jaws only, and often wanting, at least in the adult fish. The cheeks are deeper than long, and the fins are small. The species are numerous, inhabiting the sea, but some of them ascending rivers like the salmon, and spawning there. They are very like herrings in form and appearance. The common S., or Allice S., (A. communis,) is rather thicker and deeper in proportion to its length than the herring. Shad'dock, (Citrus decumanus,) a tree which, like the other species of the same genus, is a native of the East Indies, and which has long been cultivated in the S. of Europe. It is said to derive its English name from a Capt. Shaddock, by whom it was introduced into the West Indies. It is readily distinguished from most of its congeners by its large leaves and broad-winged leaf-stalk; it has very large white flowers, and the fruit is also very large, sometimes weighing 10, or even 14 lbs., roundish, pale yellow; the rind thick, white and spongy within, bitter; Shaddock. the pulp greenish and watery, subacid, and sub-aromatic. It is extensively used for preserves.