S. is the seat of the government, and of the chief courts of law and administration, the residence of the sovereign, and the place of assembly for the legislative chambers. The finest public building is the palace, which may be seen towering with its vast and massive walls above the neighboring houses. Stock'ing, a covering to the foot known to the Romans, but not generally coming into use till the 12th c., when adopted as indispensable by the N. nations. To the time of Queen Eliza. beth Ss. were usually made of cloth or knit by hand, but the S.frame having been invented in her reign by William Lee, 1589, Ss. have since been largely made by machinery. About 14,000 operatives are employed in the trade in the middle New England States.

Stock'ing-frame. This machine, with which stockings and other similar garments are woven, was invented in 1589 by William Lee, of Woodbridge, Eng. At first it was a very simple affair, but has now become extremely complicated, although the simple principle upon which it was originated is retained as the essential. This can only be understood by reference to the art of knitting, which originated it. In knitting only one thread is used, and this formed into a succession of loops on a knitting-needle; each of these

desiring to become a member indicates in writing how many shares he will take, and is bound to pay the amount of his subscription either at once or in installments, and receives as evidence of the transaction a certificate. The shares of capital stock are, in the U. S., personal estate, and entitle the holder to participate in the profits of the enterprise, to share the assets, and aid in the election of officers. They are also transferable. Reasonable by-laws regulating this transfer may be passed by the trustees. The transfer is usually effected by the surrender of the certificate by the holder, either personally or by power of attorney, to a designated officer, who cancels it, and issues a new one to the assignee. Certificates of stocks indorsed by several holders, not strictly negotiable instruments, are practically treated as such, a fact which gives rise to some complicated legal questions.

Stock'ton, a city, the cap. of San Joaquin Co., Calif., on a level prairie at the head of Stockton Channel, a wide and deep arm of the San Joaquin River, and on the Central Pacific R.R., 63 m. E. by N. from San Francisco. It has a good harbor, and the river is navigable to this point at all seasons. In winter and spring steamers ascend nearly 200 m. above the city. The business consists chiefly in furnishing

loops, then, has in succession another loop passed through it by means of another and similar needle, and this operation is carried on successively until the whole fabric is made. In the S., instead of one needle to hold the stationary loops while those of the moving row are being inserted, there are as many needles as there are to be loops in the breadth of the web, and these are so made as to alternately form and give off the loops. Between the needles are placed thin plates of lead or pewter, called sinkers. Their object is to make loops by pressing the thread down between the needles.

Stock'port, a town of England, county of Chester, on the Mersey River, has extensive manufactures of cottons, woolens, silks, machinery, brass and iron goods, shuttles, and brushes; pop. 70,253.

Stocks, an apparatus of wood, much used in former times for the punishment of petty offenders. The culprit was placed on a bench, with his ankles fastened in holes under a movable board, and allowed to remain there for an hour or two. The period of their invention is uncertain.

supplies to the farmers of the San Joaquin valley, and in the shipment of wheat, wool, and mining produce. It has iron-foundries, tanneries, and various manufactories. Considerable wine is made. Here is the State lunatic asylum. Pop. 14,424.

Stock'ton, (FRANCIS RICHARD,) author, b. in Philadelphia 1834; became an engraver and draughtsman; was connected with the Philadelphia Post, and with Hearth and Home, New York; joined the editorial staff of Scribner's Monthly, and became assistant editor of St. Nicholas; his earliest writings were odd tales for children under the name of Frank R. Stockton," but he has attained an enviable reputation as a writer of highly entertaining short stories, marked by "quaintness of subject and treatment and by dry humor." The first of these were the Rudder Grange Stories followed by very many others, of which, perhaps, the best known are: The Lady or the Tiger, The Late Mrs. Null, The Casting Away of Mrs. Lecks and Mrs. Aleshine, and its sequel, The Du santes, The Hundredth Man, A Tale of Negative Gravity,

etc., etc.

Stock'ton, (RICHARD,) patriot; delegate to the Continental Congress, and one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence; was captured by royalists 1776, and suffered great hardships at their hands; b. in N. J. 1780, d.

1781.

Stock'ton-on-Tees, a sea-port in the county of Durham, Eng., on the left bank of the Tees. The Stockton races are held here annually. Ship-building, chiefly in iron, is carried on to a great extent, and blast-furnaces, foundries, engineworks, and extensive potteries and iron-works are in operation. Pop. 49,731.

Stod'art, (JAMES, F.R.S.,) scientist; he assisted Faraday and Dr. George Pearson in investigation of the wootz, or Indian steel, and manufactured surgical instruments and cutlery; b. 1760, d. 1823.

Stod'dard, (RICHARD HENRY,) a clever Amer, poet and man of letters, b. in Mass. 1825. He was sometime editor of the Aldine, and later a critic and writer of occasional verse. Stod'dert, (BENJAMIN,) Sec. of the Navy 1798–1802; b. in Ind. 1751, d. 1813.

Stoe'ver, (MARTIN LUTHER, Ph.D., LL.D.,) minister; secretary of the General Synod of the Lutheran Church, edited the Literary Record 1847-48, wrote biographies and sketches, and was noted for philanthropy and patriotism during the civil war; b. in Pa. 1820, d. 1870.

Stoichiometry, the science which treats of atomic proportions, or chemical equivalents.

Sto'ics, the name of the sect of ancient moralists opposed to the Epicureans in their views of human life. The Stoical system dates from the end of the 4th c. B.C.; it was derived from the system of the Cynics, whose founder, Antisthenes, was a disciple of Socrates. Indeed, the doctrines, but still more the manner of life, and most of all the death, of Socrates were the chief foundations of the Stoical philosophy. The founder of the system was Zeno, from Citium in Cyprus, (358-260 B.C.) The leading Stoical doctrines include theology, psychology, or theory of mind; the theory of the good, or human happiness; and the scheme of virtue or duty. Their theological doctrines comprehended their system of the universe, and of man's position in it. They held that the universe is governed by one good and wise God, together with inferior or subordinate deities. God exercises a moral government; under it the good are happy, while misfortunes happen to the wicked. They did not admit that the Deity intermeddled in the minutia of life; they allowed that omens and oracles might be accepted as signs of the foreordained arrangement of God. Like most other ancient schools, the S. held God to be corporeal like man; body is the only substance; nothing incorporeal could act on what is corporeal; the first cause of all, God or Zeus, is the primeval fire, emanating from which is the soul of man in the form of a warm ether. As to immortality, the S. kept themselves undecided as to this great doctrine, giving it as an alternative, reasoning as to our conduct on either supposition, and submitting to the pleasure of God in this as in all other things. Next, as to the constitution of the mind: we have bodies like animals, but reason or intelligence like the gods. Animals have instinctive principles of action; man alone has a rational, intelligent soul. We come into contact with Deity by our intellectual part, and our highest life is thus the divine life. But the most important Stoical doctrine respecting the nature of man is the recognition of reason as a superior power or faculty that subordinates all the rest the governing intelligence. This, however, is not a mere intellectual principle, but an active force, uniting intellect and will. The Stoical theory of happiness, or, rather, of the good, was not identified with happiness. They began by asserting that happiness is not necessary, and may be dispensed with, and that pains are an evil, but, by a proper discipline, may be triumphed over. They disallowed the direct and ostensible pursuit of pleasure as an end, but allured their followers partly by promising them the victory over pain, and partly by certain enjoyments of an elevated cast that grew out of their plan of life. The most elevated form of Stoical happiness was the satisfaction of contemplating the universe and God.

Stokes, (GEORGE GABRIEL,) a British mathematician and natural philosopher, b. at Skreen, Ireland, 1819. He entered Cambridge in 1837; graduated in 1841 as Senior Wrangler and First Smith's Prizeman; became Fellow of Pembroke in the same yr.; and was elected in 1849 to fill the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics in Cambridge. In 1854 he was appointed secretary to the Royal Society. He is best known by his discovery of Fluorescence. (See PHOSPHORESCENCE.) His paper on the "Change of the Refrangibility of Light" was printed in 1852. To mathematicians and natural philosophers S. is known by a number of admirable papers in the Cambridge Philosophical Transactions, the Cambridge and Dublin Mathematical Journal, and the Philosophical Magazine.

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He was president of the British Association at Exeter in 1869; and in 1871 the University of Edinburgh conferred on him the degree of LL.D.; made baronet 1889.

Stoke-upon-Trent, a town of Staffordshire, Eng. The earthenware manufactures of S. are carried on in about 200 factories; in the vicinity are numerous coal-mines. Pop. 24,027.

Stolberg, Count von, (CHRISTIAN,) a Ger, poet, b. at Hamburg 1748. He studied at Göttingen from 1769 to 1774. In 1777 he married Luise, Countess of Reventlew, and after 1800 lived on his estate of Windebye, in Sleswig, where he d. 1821. His principal works are as follows: Ge dichte aus dem Grieschischen, Schauspiele mit Chören, and Vaterländische Gedichte.

Stolberg, Count von, (FRIEDRICH LEOPOLD,) younger brother of the preceding, and also a poet, b. at Bramstedt 1750, studied at Halle and Göttingen, and became, in 1777, minister plenipotentiary of the Prince of Lübeck at the court of Denmark. He d. at Sondermühlen 1819. S. is a superior poet to his elder brother. There is a greater boldness in his ideas and imagery, and he displays wonderful facility in versification.

Stole, (Gr. stole, Lat. stola, "a robe,") the name of one of the sacred vestments used in the Latin Church, and, with some modification, in the Greek Church also. It originated in a wide and flowing robe of linen, called also orarium, which hung from the shoulder, and which had a narrow embroidered border of a different color. The present S. seems to be the traditionary representative of the embroidered border of the orarium of the R. C. Church, and consists of a narrow band of silk or precious stuff, edged and fringed with gold or embroidery. It is worn over the shoulders by priests and deacons.

Stolen Goods. It is a felony, in Law, to receive such knowingly, and a bona fide purchaser of such goods, who has not bought them in open market, is bound to restore them to the true owner; but if the goods are sold Stole. in market the purchaser is entitled to keep them, unless the owner has duly prosecuted and convicted the thief.

Stolp, a town of Prussia, in the prov. of Pommern, is situated on the river Stolp, about 15 m. from its mouth. S. has a castle, four churches, and a hospital for invalids. Pop. 23,884. At the mouth of the river lies Stolpmünde, (pop. 1,118,) the port of S.

Stom'ach. The human S. is an elongated curved pouch, lying almost immediately below the diaphragm, and having the form of a bag-pipe. It is very dilatable and contractile, and its function is to retain the food until it is duly acted upon and dissolved by the gastric juice, which is secreted by glands lying in its inner or mucous coat, and then to transmit it, in a semi-fluid or pulpy state, into the duode num. Its average capacity is about five pints. The mucous membrane or lining coat of the S. is thick and soft, and lies in irregular folds, in consequence of the contraction of the muscular coat, unless when the organ is distended with food. On opening the S. and stretching it so as to remove the appearance of folds, we perceive even with the naked eye, but better with a lens, numerous irregular pits or depressions, irregular in shape, and averaging about in. in diameter. To see them properly the mucus with which they are filled must be washed out. These pits are so shallow as not to dip into the mucous membrane to a greater extent than one sixth or one eighth of the thickness. The rest of the thickness is chiefly made up of minute tubes, running parallel to one another and vertically to the surface of the S. These are the gastric tubes or glands which secrete the gastric juice from the blood in the capillaries which abound in the mucous membrane. They pass in twos, threes, or fours from the bottom of each pit, and usually subdivide into several tubes, which, after running a more or less tortuous course, terminate in blind or closed extremities. These tubes are filled with epithelial cells, whose contents are composed of granules, with which oil-globules are often mixed, and each tube is invested with capillaries, which usually run in the direction of its long axis. In the pyloric or duodenal end of the S. these tubes (at least in the dog and several other animals whose Ss. have been carefully examined in a perfectly fresh state) are considerably wider than those which we have described, and differ from them

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practiced, consisted in mixing the gelatinous silicate of soda with sand and a little powdered glass and clay, in the proportions of sand 10 parts, glass 1 part, clay 1 part, and silicate of soda 1 part. These ingredients were thoroughly incorporated in a pug-mill, and brought to the consistency of putty. After leaving the molds the objects are dried in close ovens, and then removed to kilns, where they are fired at a gradually increasing temperature, which finally reaches a red heat. When the firing is completed the material is in the state of a semi-vitrified mass, with the appearance, properties, and composition of a fine sandstone. A more recent patent consists in producing a hard and durable material altogether without baking, by effecting a double decomposition with the silicate of soda and chloride of calcium.

Stone-chat, (Saxicola rubicola,) one of the most common of the British Sylviada, a pretty little bird, rather smaller than the redbreast, black on the upper parts and throat in summer; the breast of a dark reddish color; some white on the sides of the neck, the wings, and the tail. It makes its nest on the ground, or on a low branch.

Stone-crop. See SEDUM.

Stone-chat.

Stone, (CHARLES P.,) an Amer. soldier, b. in Mass. 1824, d. 1887. He entered the army as Lieut. of Ordnance in 1845. He was an engineer, and his last work was as engineer-in-chief in charge of the building of the pedestal of the Statue of Liberty. He served with distinction in the Mexican War, and subsequently settled in Calif. At the breaking out of the late civil war he was in Washington, and was the first volunteer officer sworn into the service. After a short period of military duty he was arrested and imprisoned in Fort Lafayette, where he remained for a yr. After his release he rejoined the army and went with Gen. Banks up the Red River, serving until the end of the war. He resigned from the army in 1864. He subsequently went to Egypt, and served as chief of staff in the Egyptian army, receiving the title of pasha.

Stone, (EDWARD JAMES, F.R.S.,) a prominent Eng. astronomer, assistant in the Greenwich Observatory, then Director of the Cape of Good Hope Observatory, and later Director of the Radcliffe Observatory, at Oxford. B. 1831.

Stone, (EDWIN MARTIN,) journalist; editor of the Boston Times 1827, later of the Independent Messenger and Salem Observer; was 13 yrs. pastor of a Cong, church at Beverly, Mass., and has published several books; b. at Framingham 1805, d. 1883.

Stone, (JAMES KENT,) educator; Pres. of Gambier Coll. 1867, and of Hobart Coll., Geneva, 1868; became a R. C., and joined the missionary priests of St. Paul 1869; b. in Boston 1840.

Stone, (JOHN SEELY, D.D.,) a minister of the P. E. Church; he was noted for his devotion to the interests of the Evangelical party; was chosen dean of the faculty of the Massachusetts Theological Seminary 1867; b. in Mass. 1795, d. 1882. Stone, (LUCY,) a noted antislavery lecturer and advocate for woman's rights; b. in Mass. 1818, d. 1893.

Stone-cutting and Dress'ing Machines. Stone is a substance which in none of its varieties is easily operated on by machinery, owing chiefly to its brittleness, its unequal hardness, and the natural cracks which so frequently im pair its solidity. Accordingly, though many ingenious ma chines have been invented for working stone, it is as yet only in some of the plainer kinds of work that they can be said to have entirely superseded hand operations. Some stones and slates are soft enough to be cut with ordinary toothed saws, much in the same way as wood is cut. For the cutting of common kinds of stone which are not to receive a fine polish a machine has been recently patented and is now in operation at various large quarries, both of stone and slate. The cumference of which a number of pointed steel tools are fixed into sockets, thus giving it the appearance of a large toothed saw. A stone-cutting machine, said to be distinguished by the simplicity and rapidity of its action, was in vented a few yrs. ago by a Frenchman, in which the operation of sawing is effected by a thin iron wire running over the stone at the rate of 40 ft. per second. Cylindrical ob jects, such as columns or vases, are first formed roughly into shape with a hammer and chisel, and then turned upon a lathe. Machinery is also applied to the production of flat objects with curved and molded outlines.

Stone-fly, (Perla,) a genus of neuropterous insects, of the order Platyptera and sub-order Corrodentia. The hind wings are broader than the forewings, and folded at the inner edge. The body is elongate, narrow, and flattened; the wings close horizontally on the body; the abdomen is gen. erally terminated by two bristles, (seta.) The larvæ are aquatic, and much resemble the perfect insect, except in the want of wings.

Stone-fruits are those fruits which are botanically desig nated drupes, and in which the rind is fleshy, and the puta men bony. Those best known in temperate climates gener ally belong to the natural order Rosacea, sub-order Amyg dalea, the order Drupacea of Lindley, as the peach and nectarine, plum, cherry, apricot, etc.

Stone'ham, a village of Middlesex Co., Mass., on the Boston and Lowell and the Boston and Maine R.Rs., 9 m. N. of Boston; the making of shoes forms the chief industry; pop. of twp. 6,155.

Stoneha'ven, a sea-port town of Scotland, cap. of the county of Kincardine, situated on a rocky bay at the mouth of Carron Water; pop. 3,396. Two miles S., on a projecting rock, stands the castle of Dunnottar.

Stone henge, (Sax. Stanhengist, “hanging or uplifted stones,") a very remarkable structure composed of large artificially raised monoliths, situated on Salisbury Plain, in Wiltshire, Eng. The ancient Britons called it Main Ambers, or

Stone, (SAMUEL,) a Puritan pastor, after whose native place the city of Hartford, Conn., was named; b. in England 1600, d. 1663.

Stone, (THOMAS,) patriot; a member of the Continental Congress 1775-79, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, and one of the committee to draft a plan of the Confederation; b. in Md. 1743, d. 1787.

Stone, (WILLIAM MURRAY, D.D.,) an Amer. prelate; P. E. Bishop of Md. 1830-38; b. in Md. 1789, d. 1838.

Stone-bor'er, several distinct families of mollusks, which have the power of boring stone, Pholadida, Gastrochenidida, Lazicavieæ, Venerida, and Mytilide. They have scarcely one characteristic in common.

w.; the outer circle consisted of 60 stones, 30 perpendicular, 20 ft. h. and nearly 4 ft. apart. On the tops of these were 30 imposts, regularly united; within this was a second circle of 40 stones, smaller and void of imposts. There are indications of two ovals of stones intervening. Within the second circle was a cell, or adytum, in which was the altar, a huge slab of blue marble. The whole structure consisted of 140 stones. So many of these enormous stones have fallen that the general appearance has become wild, and presents a stu pendous pile of dilapidation; yet, by walking round, and clambering amid the prostrate masses, the original design may be traced. There are three entrances to the temple from the plain. The whole is surrounded by a bank of earth 15 ft. h. and 1,010 ft. in circumference. Though much weather-worn, the sharp angles of many of the stones, together with the tenons and mortises by which they were joined, are well preserved. Out of the stones composing the outer circle 17 remain; in the inner circle eight are entire, and fragments of 12 others are on the spot. The average elevation of the stones is 14 ft., the breadth 7 ft., and the thickness 3 ft. The