and the introduction of it being considered by students of the language an aberration, there is a tendency to drop the h. There is evidence that in Latin, at an early period, t before i was sibilated so as to sound like ts or z. Before s, was frequently dropped; as fons for fonts, sors for sorts. Final was in Latin pronounced but faintly, and inscriptions show that in popular speech it was often dropped-e. g., fece for fecit, vixse for vixit.

Taas'nige, an island S. of Funen, belonging to Denmark; area 27 sq. m., pop. 4,500.

Taban'idæ, a numerous family of dipterous insects, of the sub-order Orthorapha, which have large lancet-shaped jaws and live by sucking the blood of

horses, oxen, and other animals, and are popularly known by the name of Horse-fly, and also Gad-fly, which latter, however, is often given also to some of the Estride. The insects called Cleg are of this family.

Tab'ard, (Fr. tabarre, Low Lat. tabardum,) a military garment in general use in the latter half of the 15th and beginning of the 16th c., which succeeded the Jupon and Cy. clas.

Tabas'co, a Mexican state on the Gulf of Mexico; area 11,851 sq. m., pop. 104,747.

Tabasheer', a substance sometimes found in the cavities or tubular parts of the stems of bamboos and other large grasses. It consists chiefly of silica, with a little lime and vegetable matter, or sometimes of silica and potash, in the proportions of about 70 parts of silica and 30 of potash.

Tabard.

Tabby, or Tab'bying, another name for watering fabrics. (See MOIRE.) It is usually ap plied to stuffs or worsted cloths instead of silks.

Tab'ernacle, (Heb. Ohel Moed, "tent of meeting," scil., "between God and man; " LXX. Skene; Vulgate, Tabernaculum Foederis,) or, more fully, "Tabernacle of the Congregation," was the tent first erected by Moses in the desert as a visible symbol of the Divine Presence in the midst of the people. It was the place where he went to receive his inspirations as their representative when they "sought the Lord." A cloudy pillar descended and stood at the door of the T. while "the Lord spake to Moses." It was divided

The Tabernacle in the Wilderness.

and between both the "golden altar," or the "altar of in cense," upon which the high-priest burned incense in the morning and evening. In the Holy of Holies the holy ark, or Ark of the Covenant, alone was kept; a box of acaciawood, plated with pure gold both in and outside, containing the two tables of the Ten Commandments. On the top of it were the two cherubim, their faces turned toward each other; and between them there was the symbolical presence of Jehovah, (the Shechinah,) to which Moses appealed for guid ance. Only once a yr., on the Day of Atonement, the highpriest was allowed to enter the Holy of Holies, while the Sanctuary was the ordinary place of the priests, and the court that of the Levites. The tribe of Levi was also that to which the place nearest to the T., around which the 12 tribes were grouped, was assigned, as it also was the duty of its members to convey the building from place to place during the migration.

Tab'ernacle, (Lat. tabernaculum, armarium,) in the R. C. Church, is the name given to the receptacle in which the con secrated elements of the Eucharist are retained. The name is derived by analogy from the T. of the Old Law.

Tab'ernacles, Feast of, (Heb. Succoth, LXX. Heorte skenon, Vulgate Feria Tabernaculorum,) a Hebrew feast of seven days' duration, beginning on the 15th day of the seventh month, (Tisri,) and instituted principally in memory of the nomad life of the people in the desert, and the booths or tents used on their march. Besides this signification it also had an agricultural one, like the other two pilgrimage festivals, the Passah and the Feast of Weeks. It was emphatically the Feast of "Ingathering "-i. e., the close of the labors of the field-the harvest of all the fruits, of the corn, the wine, and the oil. During this feast the great bulk of the

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people were enjoined to dwell in booths, which were made of olive, pine, myrtle, palm, and other branches, and were erected on the roofs of houses and in the courts and streets. Ta bes Dorsalis, (Lat. tabere, "to decay,") a term that was formerly used in medicine to designate a series of morbid phenomena arising from excessive exercise or abuse of the generative functions. Subsequently, it has been used by some writers of eminence as synonymous with Tabes mesenterica, or mesenteric disease.

Ta'bes Mesenteri'ca, a wasting disease caused by tubercular or scrofulous affections of the mesenteric glands. Tabinet', a rich kind of cloth, chiefly used for windowcurtains. It consists of a warp of silk and a weft of woolyarn, of the same kind as that used in making poplin. It has the appearance of a fine damask, and is usually enriched with diaper patterns.

Tableaux Vivants, (i. e., "Living Pictures,") representations of works of painting and sculpture, or of scenes from history or fiction, by living persons. They are said to have been invented by Mme. de Genlis when she had charge of the education of the children of the Duke of Orleans. Table-lands, or Plateaus, are extensive plains at a considerable elevation above the sea, whose boundaries are either ranges of mount. ains much higher on the side away from than on the side next to the T., or steep acclivities, sloping from the level of the plateaus to the surrounding country. They are often trav ersed by mountain chains, and occasionally even lose the character of plains altogether, being mere conglomerations of hills. The chief T. are in Europe, central Spain; in the N.-W. part of Am., the great salt plain of Utah, the N. and center of Brazil; in Africa, the interior of Barbary; while in Asia almost the whole of the S. and center of the continent consists of plateaus, which rise terrace above terrace till they culminate in that of Thibet.

Table-money, an

allowance granted to officers in the army and navy to enable them to fulfill the duties of hospitality within their respective commands.

Table Mount. See CAPE TOWN.

Table Mount'ain, an elevation in Pickens Co., S. C., 4,300 ft. h. There is on one side a line of cliffs 1,000 ft. h. The vicinity abounds in striking scenery.

Ta'bles, in Astron., are the numerically tabulated values of the ELEMENTS (q. v.) of the orbital motions of the sun, moon, planets, satellites, etc., from which the daily positions are computed which are given in the annual ephemerides. The T. include the effects of perturbations and all the known theoretical elements which affect the motions of these bodies, and their formation is one of the most laborious and exacting demands upon the astronomical computer. Hansen's TABLES DE LA LUNE (q. v.) is one of the best known and most important set of T. in use to-day, and the one on which all the national ephemerides of the moon are based. T. for each of the planets, satellites, and asteroids are necessary for the prediction of their positions for any epoch.

Tables de la Lune, or Lu'nar Tables, the name of one of the great works of Hansen, and the one from which the ephemerides of the moon are still computed and published in the various nautical almanacs and ephemerides of the principal nationalities. The work was published in 1857 in London at the expense of the British government, in the French language, at the time when its author was director of the Ducal Observatory of Gotha. See HANSEN.

Taboo. See TABU.

Tabor, a mountain of northern Palestine, rising solitary in the N.-E. part of the plain of Esdraelon to about the h.

of 1,000 ft., and commanding the most extensive prospect in the Holy Land. Eastward the eye catches a gleam of the waters of the Galilean Sea, 15 m. distant; while the whole picturesque outline of its deep-sunken basin, of the rolling transJordanic plateau, and the course of the sacred river itself, is clearly traceable.

Tabor, a small drum played with one stick in combination with a fife. It was formerly used in war, but has now given place to the kettle-drum.

Tabor College, in Fremont Co., Ia., is an outgrowth of Oberlin Coll., no distinction being made on account of race or sex; incorporated under the name of Tabor Literary Institute 1857, and as T. C. in 1866; number of students in attendance about 225, instructors 16, library 6,000 vols.

Ta'borites, a sect of the Hussites in Bohemia, derived their name from their fortress of Tabor, near the river Luschnitz, an affluent of the Moldau, 49 m. S.-S.-E. of Prague. There is now a small town at the place, with a pop. of 6,717. Tabriz', a great and ancient city of Persia, cap. of the prov. of Azerbijan, 40 m. E. of Lake Urumeyah, and on the Aji, which flows S.-W. into that lake. The town is surrounded by a ditch and a brick wall, pierced by seven gates. The streets are broader and cleaner than in most Eastern cities.

Mount Tabor.

The citadel is a noble edifice of burned brick, the walls of which, however, have been cracked in many places by earthquakes. T. is the seat of a varied industry, in which leather and silk manufactures, and gold and silver smiths' work, are of importance. Pop. 120,000.

Tabu', Tapu', or Tambu', a Polynesian term, denoting an institution found every-where, and always essentially the same, in the Polynesian islands and in New Zealand. Its primary meanings seem to be the same as those of the Hebrew to'ebah. This word, like the Greek anathema, the Latin sacer, and the French sacre, (and the corresponding and similar terms in most languages,) has a double meaning-a good sense and a bad; it signifies, on the one hand, sacred, consecrated; on the other hand, accursed, abominable, unholy. The extent to which, among the Polynesians and New Zealanders, things and acts are T. must appear almost incredible to Europeans unaware of the facts of savage life. Without much detail it is impossible to convey any idea of it. The prohibitions, however, divide into two classes; one consisting of traditional rules, binding upon all, acting through religious terror equally upon chiefs and people; the other, of prohibitions imposed from time to time, obviously with the view of maintaining or extending the authority of the chiefs. Any house or piece of ground consecrated to a god is T., and thus affords an inviolable shelter to men fleeing from an enemy. It is T. to eat the plant or animal believed to be the shrine of one's tutelary god. To come in the way of a funeral procession is severely T., for it is believed that the gods accompany the procession. To touch the person of a chief is T. to his inferiors; also, to touch any thing belonging to him, to eat in his presence, to eat any thing he has touched, or to

mention his name.

The interdict upon family intercourse varies in extent in different places. In the Tonga Islands it was T. to mention the name of father, mother, father-in-law, mother-in-law; also to touch these relatives, to eat in their presence, (unless with the back turned, when constructively the person was not in their presence,) or to eat any thing which they had touched. In the Fiji Islands, generally, it is T. for brother and sister, first-cousins, father-in-law and sonin-law, mother-in-law and daughter-in-law, brother-in-law and sister-in-law, to speak together, or to eat from the same dish. In some places a father may not speak to his son after he has passed his 15th yr. In an immense number of cases, equally extraordinary, the T. is used to enforce the prevailing ideas of social propriety. It interferes with cooking, eating, dressing, speaking; scarcely any thing is too minute to be regulated by it.

Tacahout, the name given in Algiers by the Arabs to the small gall formed on the tamarisk-tree, (Tamariscus Indica.) Since the discovery of photography these galls have become of considerable importance as a source of gallic acid, of which they contain a large proportion.

Tac'amahac, or Tacamaha'ca, a name applied to four different resins. One, from Mauritius, is obtained from a tree common in India and its islands, called the Poon-wood tree, (Calophyllum inophyllum.) Another, from S. Am. and the West Indies, is obtained from Zanthoxylum (Fagura) octandra; this is usually called Shell T. A third, also from S. Am., is yielded by a tree called Icica T.; it is supposed to be Mexican Copal. And the fourth is from N. Am., and is the produce of the Carolina or T. Poplar; it is collected in small quantities, and has only a small value. The others are chiefly used for varnishes. Tac'ca, a genus of plants of a small natural order called Taccaceae, nearly allied to Araceae. They are large perennials with tuberous roots. The species are few, and are found in maritime places and woods in the South Sea Islands and the warmest parts of Asia and Africa. They are imported into Britain as a substitute for West Indian arrow-root. It is known as Tahiti arrow-root. The boiled leaf-stalks of the plants of this genus are also used in China and Cochin-China as an article of food.

Tacchi'ni, (P.,) an Ital. astronomer, Director of the Observatory of the Collegio Romano at Rome, well known for his spectroscopic work on the sun.

Tache, (Fr. ". a spot or patch.") T. Cérébrale has been applied specially by Trousseau to a patch or streak of redness produced by drawing the edge of the nail across the skin in certain cases of cerebral meningitis.

Tache', (ALEXANDER,) an Amer. prelate; R. C. Bishop of Manitoba, and missionary to the Red River country; author of several interesting descriptions of the North-west; established a college and theological seminary at St. Boniface 1870; b. in Canada 1822, d. 1894.

Tachom'eter, an addition to machinery intended to register every minute variation in its velocity. Fig. 1. An open tube filled with colored liquid is immersed at its lower end in a cup of mercury, CD, attached to a spindle worked by the machine. The depression caused by centrifugal force, and changing with every Fig. 2.

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Tachypet'idæ, a family including the FRIGATE-BIRD, (q. v.)

Tac'itus, (CAIUS CORNELIUS,) a Roman historian. Of his parentage, or of the place of his birth, (55 B.C.,) little is known. His father was probably Cornelius T., a Roman equestrian, who died in 79. From the emperors Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian he received promotion and other marks of favor. In 97 he was appointed consul suffectus, succeeding T. Virginius Rufus. T. had already attained distinction as an orator when the younger Pliny was entering upon public life; and both of them were appointed, in 99, to conduct the prosecution of Marius, then proconsul of Africa. T. became one of the most intimate friends of Pliny, of whose letters 11 are addressed to him. The time of his death is unknown, but he probably survived Trajan, who died in 117. Tac'itus, (M. CLAUDIUS,) an upright, honest emperor of Rome, Sept. 25, 275-April 9, 276; b. at Interamna about 200. Tack, Tack'ing. The T. of a sail is the lower windward corner. The T. is the rope employed in hauling down that corner to its proper position. The T. of a fore-and-aft sail is its lower forward clew or corner; it also designates the rope for hauling down that corner. A ship is said to be on the starboard or port T. when she is close-hauled with the wind on the starboard or port side. Tacking is the practice of beating up against an adverse wind by a zigzag course.

Taco'ma, a city of Pierce Co., Wash., on the E. shore of Puget Sound, and on the Northern Pacific R.R. It is on Tacoma Bay, and there are valuable deposits of coal in the neighborhood. The city has car-shops, rolling mills, foundries, machine-shops, smelters, shipyards, packing-houses, furniture and match factories, grain-elevators, flour-mills, shingle-factories, etc. Nearly $10,000,000 is invested in manufactories. The shingle trade is immense. There is a steamship line to the Orient, a clipper line to South Africa, and steam connection with Alaska and the Pacific ports. T. is the seat of Puget Sound University, (Meth.,) Pacific University, (Luth.,) Vashon Coll., (non-sect.,) and Annie Wright Seminary, (Epis.) Pop. (1890) 36,000, est. (1897) 51,000.

Tacon'ic Sys'tem, an extensive series of rocks in the U. S. They consist of two divisions, the Upper, having a thickness of 25,000 ft., and containing Lower Silurian fossils; and the Lower, with 5,000 ft. of thickness, in which, as yet, no fossils have been found, but which answers to the Cambrian rocks of Britain.

Tac'tics, Mil'itary. Strategy is the art of maneuvering armies with reference to the objects of the whole campaign -the securing of communications, the cutting off of an enemy from his base, throwing him into a position where he must fight at a disadvantage or surrender, etc. Tactics has regard to the evolutions of an army in the actual presence of an enemy. It is the strategy of the battle-field; the science of maneuvering and combining those military units which drill, discipline, and the regimental system have brought to the perfection of machines. It was admirably described by Napoleon as the art of being the stronger-i. e., of bringing an overwhelming force to bear on any given point, whatever may be the relative strength of the entire armies opposed. A few of the more important principles are noticed briefly. First, as to the art of being the stronger, which is undoubtedly the highest recommendation in a general, may be cited Napoleon's general plan in battle. He formed his attack into column, tried to break through the center of the enemy's line, and, if he succeeded, then doubled back to one side, so as to concentrate the whole of his own force against one half of the enemy's, which was usually routed before the other half of the line could come up to the rescue. Taken collectively, the tactics of the three arms may be thus summarized: The infantry form the line of battle, and probably decide the day by a general advance over the enemy's ground. The cavalry seek to break the opposing infantry by frequent charges in front, or on any flank which may be left exposed. If a part of the line wavers, a charge of horse should complete the disarray. When the rout commences, the cavalry should turn it by furious onslaught into utter discomfiture. The province of the artillery is to cannonade any portion of the line where men are massed, or where a charge is about to be made; to demoralize cavalry, and generally to carry destruction wherever it can best disconcert the enemy. Adverting now very briefly to the tactics of the several arms individually, we have: Infantry.-This force has four formations-skirmishers, line, column, and square. The skirmishers precede and flank an advancing line or column, picking off the enemy. If resistance be encountered in force, the skirmishers retreat

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behind their massed supports. The line is a double or treble line of men, firing or charging. For musketry purposes it is the most formidable formation. For bursting through a line the deep column is the most effective. It is the favorite French formation, and during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars the British and Russians alone succeeded in resisting it. Cavalry.-The function of heavy cavalry is limited to the charge in line. The light cavalry form in small sections to scour the country, collect supplies, and cut off stragglers. Artillery.-No distinct tactics exist for this arm beyond the fact that a concentrated fire is vastly the most effective, and that the artillery should always have a support of infantry at hand to protect it from a sudden in cursion of hostile cavalry. Tactics of position depend on the moral energy of the commander-in-chief. It is a military maxim not to fight with the rear on a river, unless many bridges be provided for retreat, in case of disaster. A convex front is better than a concave front, because internal communication is more easy.

Tactics, Na'val. With the advent of steam, iron-plated ships, and rams, the tactics under which Rodney and Nelson fought and conquered have passed away, while the principles of the new warfare have scarcely been sufficiently established for reduction to theory. In ancient naval engagements, where the vessels fought on the comparatively smooth waters of the Mediterranean, and where the use of oars rendered the commanders nearly independent of the wind, the attack consisted of a charge with the beaked prows, followed, if that failed, by the use of ballista and a hand-to-hand struggle. The introduction of gunpowder, with broadside ordnance, necessitated a change, and the great desideratum of each admiral was to present as long a line of broadsides as possible to the enemy, to take care that none of his ships was masked by the intervention of another between it and the foe, and to endeavor in each ship to oppose its broadside to the bow or stern of a hostile ship, so as to obtain the preponderance of force, and to rake his decks. The great principle of maneuvering was to get the weather-gauge, i. e., to be to windward of the enemy, both for facility of navigation and because the smoke would inconvenience him most. Under steam, and with ships carrying colossal ordnance, N. T. have entirely changed. It used to be the object to avoid being raked; it is now to avoid being hit at all. The projectiles used are so tremendous that a few hits involve destruction. Ships are consequently constructed so as to offer the least mark to ordnance; and with the same view they are kept constantly in rapid motion. Actions are fought, not, as in old time, within pistol-shot, but at a mile or two miles distance. The loss of life is less; for the battle is no longer decided hand-to-hand following a furious cannonade. Rival fleets have never yet met on a large scale to fight under the conditions of modern war.

Tade'ma, (LAURENZ ALMA,) a famous modern painter, b. at Drouryp, in Holland, 1837. He was educated on the Continent; studied painting under Leys; settled in London 1870. The most important of his paintings are: "Ancient Egyptian Festival," "Entrance to a Roman Theater" "Claudius Imperator," ""The Last Egyptian Plague."

Tadmor. See PALMYRA.

Tadousac', a village of Quebec, and a favorite summer resort, noted for its wild scenery and good fishing. The old stone church of T. is said to have been the first built in Canada.

Tadpole. See FROG.

Tael, a money of account in China, is equivalent to about $1.25, or to 1,000 of their sole coin, the “tsëen," or "cash." It is also a weight, and is equivalent to about 1 ounces avoirdupois.

Tæ'nia, the band over the epistylium or architrave in Doric architecture.

Tænia and Tæniadæ. See TAPEWORM. Tæniidæ, or Tænioidæ. See RIBBON-FISH. Tae-pings, the name given to the Chinese rebels who made their appearance in 1850, and desolated some of the best cultivated provinces of China.

Ta'fel, (JOHANN L. L., Ph.D.,) educator and author; Prof. of Languages in German and Amer, universities, and with his sons, Ludwig H. and Rudolph L., Ph.D., translated and published several works on philology and history; b. in Germany 1800.

Taf'fety, or Taffeta, a term of somewhat general application in the silk manufacture. It was formerly applied to all plain silks simply woven by regular alternations of the warp and weft, and is by some writers supposed to be the

first kind of silk-weaving known even to the Chinese, from whom it came to us. Modifications have, however, been introduced, by varying the quality of the warp and weft, and by the substitution of various colors for the single one of the original T. It has, therefore, become a sort of generic term for Plain Silk, Gros de Naples, Gros des Indies, Shot or Chameleon Silk, Glacé, and many others, and even for some combinations of silk, wool, and other materials.

Taff'rail, in a ship, is the rail over the heads of the stern timbers, extending across the stern from one quarter-stanchion to another.

Tafʼia, a name used in the sugar-producing colonies for a kind of rum distilled from molasses.

Tafilet', or Tafilelt', one of the four territorial divisions of Morocco.

Taganrog', a sea-port of Russia, in the Govt. of Ekaterinoslav, on the N. shore of the Sea of Azov. It was founded by Peter the Great in 1696, was lost to Russia from 1712 till 1774, when it again reverted to the people who founded. it, and since that time it has increased in importance yearly. Pop. 25,027.

Tagliacozʼzo, an Ital. town, in the prov. of Aguila, in whose vicinity Conrad was taken prisoner by Charles of Anjou; pop. 3,127.

Taglio'ni, (MARIE,) a celebrated danseuse, b. at Stockholm 1804, of Italian parents, d. 1891.

Ta'gus, (Span. Tajo,) the largest river of the Spanish peninsula, rises on the frontier of New Castile and Aragon, between the Sierra de Albarracin and the Sierra de Molina. It first flows N.-W. for about 30 m. to its union with the Gallo, at which point it curves to the S.-W., and flows in that direction to Toledo, whence it flows W. to Abrantes, in Portugal. From Abrantes the river flows S.-W., and, passing Lisbon, enters the Atlantic about 10 m. lower down. From Villavelha, 18 m. within the Portuguese border, the T. is navigable to its mouth, a distance of 115 m. Total 1. 540 m.

Tahi'ti, or Otahei'te, the chief of the Society Islands, is 32 m. 1., about 120 m. in circumference, and consists of two peninsulas, connected by an isthmus about 3 m. w.; pop. 13,800. The chief town is Papiete, with a safe harbor, a patent slip for vessels of 400 tons, and careening quays.

Tahlequah, the cap. of the Cherokee nation, Ind. Ter. ; pop. 3,000.

Ta'hoe Lake, in Calif., is at the E. base of the Sierra Nevadas, and forms part of the boundary between Placer Co., Calif., and Nevada. It is about 20 m. 1. and 12 m. w. The surface is 6,250 ft. above sea-level. The scenic setting of the lake is of marvelous beauty; the outlet is Truckee River.

Tailor, a name sometimes given to Pomatomus saltatriz, or Blue-fish, and sometimes to Pomolobus mediocris, a species of herring.

Tai'lor-bird, (Orthotomus,) a genus of birds of the family Sylviada, with a long, graduated tail. The species are numerous, natives of the East Indies and of the Indian Archipelago, and haunt cultivated grounds. Their flight is rapid and undulating, and they seldom ascend above the lower branches of trees. The name is derived from the way in which the nest is formed. Two leaves are taken at the extremity of a twig, and sewed together by their edges, or a large leaf is sewed together, the necessary holes being made by the bill, and vegetable fibers forming the thread. Within the hollow thus made a nest is placed to receive the eggs.

Taine, (HIPPOLYTE ADOLPHE,) a Fr. author and critic, b. at Vouziers, in Ardennes, 1828. His principal works are: De Personis Platonicis, Essai sur Tite Live, Les Philosophes Français du dixneuvième Siècle, Essais de. Critique et d'Histoire, etc. D. 1893.

Tait, (ARCHIBALD C., D.D., LL.D.,) headmaster of Rugby School 1842-50; Bishop of London 1856; a warm opposer of the Tractarians; b. in Edinburgh 1811, d. 1882.

Tailor-birds and Nest.

Tai-wan-foo, the cap. of the island of Formosa, on a large alluvial plain on the N.-W. coast, in latitude about 23° N. It is a large straggling town, surrounded by a high battlemented wall, 6 m. in extent. The chief export is sugar. Pop. 40,000.

Talavera de la Rey'na, a town of Spain, in New