assignment of corpsmen would be set down in an agreement between the Corps and the sponsoring group. Each party would retain the right to terminate these agreements should dissatisfaction arise. Thus, the Corps, which is a cooperative venture, would remain in any community only as long as its services were desired.

NUMBER AND DURATION OF PROJECTS

The President's study group already has received requests for projects which ask from 2 to as many as 400 corpsmen. We estimate that there would be a working average of 40 corpsmen per project.

However, the range would be wide, and experience would show whether the average would be higher or lower. We believe that the projects which would be approved would aim for phasing out dates ranging from 1 to 5 years. The average might be about 3 years.

Using this preliminary data, it can be stated that when the Corps reaches its eventual maximum strength of 5,000, about 125 projects would be underway at any given time and about 40 of these would be phased out and replaced by new projects each year.

COSTS

As shown in the information book which the study group prepared for Congress, the average cost per corpsman per year would level out at $4,100. This would include training and administration, the latter amounting to about 15 percent of the total.

RETURNS

We cannot measure the relief of human poverty and misery in terms of dollars, but I would like to cite one example of how this program would pay for itself.

Dr. James A. Campbell, the director of Rosewood State Hospital in Maryland, which treats the mentally retarded, has conducted a small pilot program which showed that severely mentally retarded children can be advanced an average of nine-tenths of a social year in just a few months, provided they are given some measure of individual attention and personal devotion. These cannot be supplied to all patients to the degree needed because of staff limitations, but could be provided by a small group of corpsmen working in cooperation with local parttime volunteers.

According to Dr. Campbell there are about 400 to 500 patients at Rosewood who could progress 3 or 4 social years, and make the transition from an attendant-to-patient ratio of from 1:3.3 to 1:6-that is, 1 attendant to 3.3 patients, to 1: 6-1 attendant to 6 patients.

If the Corps were to undertake a project at Rosewood I believe it could, with the help of local volunteers, be at least 50 percent successful in bringing about such a transition over a 3-year period.

This would result in a reduction of at least 1,360 man-years of required attendant services in the lifetime of these unfortunate people and would result in overall dollar savings of $5,440,000-a saving of more than $10 for every dollar spent on the project.

WHY A NATIONAL PROGRAM?

These questions are asked: What is so magic about a National Peace Corps? Why can't the States and communities handle this problem? The staggering problems of more than 30 million neglected citizens affect our national as well as our local well-being. Private and local initiative despite the superb job it is doing-despite its dedication of purpose is not solving the multiplying problems. An increasingly mobile population eludes their grasp and attention, and those immobilized by their own illiteracy and hopelessness are too numerous to be reached by such efforts. What is required is a national appeala dramatization of the plight of our needy citizens, so that we may all understand and channel our response more constructively.

The national service program proposes to pioneer a new approach on the Federal level. It seeks to provide a service and a hope, rather than material welfare aid. It offers human minds, hands, and compassion, inspired by a sense of domestic patriotism.

No State, no community, could generate this type of response. I doubt that I could have assembled a crew to take Nautilus to the North Pole if our sailing orders had come from the Navy League of Waverly, Tenn., my hometown, as much as I like it, even assuming the existence of such an organization, and that a town of 3,000 could have developed the money to pay the bill.

Another question arises: Why not just give this money to local health and welfare councils and local volunteer bureaus?

We must do far more than trying to placate our national conscience by merely pumping a few more dollars into our States and communities. A concerted effort is clearly needed, since outside of some urban areas there exists practically no formal volunteer structure. In 1960, there were only 91 volunteer bureaus in 31 States and the District of Columbia, all centered in urban areas.

SUPPORT FOR MEASURE

Mr. Chairman, as a manifestation of the increasing enthusiasm and support, which we are noting for this proposed program, I would like to submit for possible inclusion in the record a letter which I just received yesterday from Mayor Dail of San Diego. This is a very well thought out letter in which Mayor Dail says in part:

Finally, a National Service Corps would bring our community, our Nation closer together. The real test of a nation is the welfare of its own people. In this proposed program we have an opportunity to demonstrate to the world that we are a nation that practices at home what we preach abroad.

Mr. Chairman and members of the subcommittee, a National Service Corps, called to action by the President, holds promise of stimulating a new attack on our human problems by millions of volunteers, mobilizing the spirit and resources of all. I urge its enactment at the earliest possible time.

Senator WILLIAMS. Thank you very much, Mr. Anderson.

You conclude with the observation made by the mayor of San Diego. Would you mind if we put his entire letter in the record at this point?

Mr. ANDERSON. We would appreciate that very much, Mr. Chairman.

(The letter referred to follows:)

MAY 31, 1963.

Re comments on H.R. 5625, U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Education and Labor.

Mr. WILLIAM ANDERSON,

Presidential Consultant, National Service Program,
Washington, D.C.

DEAR Mr. ANDERSON: The city of San Diego has recently gained national recognition as an all-America city for what its citizens have accomplished toward the elimination of physical deterioration and blight.

However, San Diego is determined to have a program based upon not only the physical renewal of its neighborhoods, but a program that is cognizant of the people, their desires, and their problems.

In San Diego over the past decade during a period of tremendous growth, we have witnessed a gradual decline of our voluntary community service agencies. Services to people have had to be cut back or assumed by government. Local community service agencies have found it difficult to recruit and hold volunteers that could be used to fill the gap in services. We feel that this kind of situation is extremely unhealthy for a community; and without positive action, the only solution is that an even greater burden will be placed on governmental agencies of our city.

We feel that the establishment of a National Service Corps will check this trend in our community and other cities throughout the Nation by

(1) Providing incentive and motivation for responsible citizens to give service. The dramatic effectiveness of a national program has been amply demonstrated by the success and acceptance of the Peace Corp.

(2) Through service, many young people will become acquainted with and thereby attracted into the service professions such as social work, nursing, and teaching.

Finally, a National Service Corps would bring our community, our Nation closer together. The real test of a nation is the welfare of its own people. In this proposed program. we have an opportunity to demonstrate to the world that we are a nation that practices at home what we preach abroad.

On your advice, I would be most happy to submit a more comprehensive statement in full of this program.

Very sincerely yours,

CHARLES C. DAIL.

Senator WILLIAMS. I wonder if you have had similar expressions from other parts of the country, from mayors, governors, and people in public and private life.

Mr. ANDERSON. Mr. Chairman, we have had an increasing number. We have received expressions and endorsements, strong endorsements, from approximately 14 to 16 governors, from the mayors of a number of cities, from many, many-almost countless organizations, both local and national, which are concerned with human problems.

We have received a flood of letters from individuals citing their strong reaction, their strong support of this program and their belief in it.

Senator WILLIAMS. I wonder if there is a summary of this in the information booklet.

Mr. ANDERSON. Yes, there is, sir.

Senator WILLIAMS. Is that summary current?

Mr. ANDERSON. Mr. Chairman, this was current as of approximately 3 weeks ago, and the rate at which these expressions and letters and endorsements have come in has been on a very steep curve upwards.

We would be able to, at this time, and will submit to the subcommittee, an up-to-date list which will be much more conclusive than this one in the fact information book.

Senator WILLIAMS. It would be very helpful to us, since we are going to try to include in the record as much as we can of your information booklet, which I have referred to many times as one of the most helpful documents to reach a legislative committee that I have ever seen.

I will say that it is our hope that this legislation can go through the hearing process this month, and be ready for committee action the first of July. I hope for floor action soon thereafter.

Mr. ANDERSON. Mr. Chairman, thank you for that.

Senator WILLIAMS. And, so if we can have this information updated week by week for the next 4 weeks, it will certainly be helpful. Mr. ANDERSON. We will certainly do that, sir, and in behalf of the staff of the study group, may I express our appreciation for your comment regarding the book? The staff worked hard on it, and we appreciate that comment.

Senator WILLIAMS. Well, I know some of the people who worked on it. I have truly the highest regard for their ability, and for the philosophy that lends itself to this kind of human endeavor, the National Service Corps.

I hope this isn't embarrassing in any way, but I am interested, and I am sure the Nation would be interested, to know, Mr. Anderson, what motivated you to change the course of your career from a profession in which you did some of the most magnificent work that we have had done in this country with the Navy, as skipper of the Nautilus, to change course and rather than deal with machinery of defense, deal with people in need.

Would you be embarrassed to comment on this?

Mr. ANDERSON. Not at all, Mr. Chairman. I would be delighted to. I had the opportunity and privilege during approximately 3 years' duty here in Washington, both working in Admiral Rickover's group, and more recently, over in the Pentagon as aid to three successive Secretaries of the Navy, to gain a fairly good insight into our military capabilities, and perhaps a fairly good indication of what the military capabilities of the Soviet Union are. I became convinced that there is just no doubt but that, militarily, we are in extremely good shape. We are superior to the Soviet Union in almost every field that we might name.

I felt so long as we are able to maintain this great military strength-which we absolutely must-that the likelihood of the resolution of our current challenge on the military front is not very great, barring an unfortunate mistake by one side or the other.

So long as this is so, I believe that the significant area is going to be on those other fronts, economic, human, inspirational, perhaps political in nature, which involved all of our activities, and I viewed by own situation as not retiring, but just simply shifting over to where the most bullets are flying.

Senator WILLIAMS. Well, I will observe that this is a new effort in a sense, and yet it expresses the ideals which this country has always shown; this is time honored.

It just happens that this is a national governmental program, not to take over what we have always had, the volunteer helping people in need, but to be the stimulant for even more response to human need, and I think you have fully expressed this in your statement: the

catalytic nature of the National Service Corps, the stimulant to greater effort at the community level.

Senator Tower, do you have any questions?

Senator TOWER. Captain, you indicated that the intent was to keep the cost of the average cost per corpsman down to around $4,100. According to your calculations, it costs somewhat over $8,300 to keep the average Peace Corpsman in the field.

Do you think you can hold your cost down to $4,100?

Mr. ANDERSON. Senator, we hope very much to do this. We will have a less expensive situation than the Peace Corps, because they have, in fact, very large travel costs for their personnel to get them to these remote areas overseas. We will not have such a large travel problem.

They also have a more expensive training problem, because they have to include within their training program a great deal of emphasis on language, and in many instances, languages which are perhaps difficult and take quite some time to teach.

Generally, we will not have that problem. Because we are dealing with a more compact situation, since we will be dealing only within the United States and its trust territories, we believe that we can keep that cost down, and we certainly hope that $4,100 is a reasonable estimate.

Another factor is that health services for our corpsmen will be available on a much less expensive basis here at home than the Peace Corps has to face in its situation abroad.

Senator TOWER. Captain, the administrative cost of the Peace Corps comes to about 19 percent of the total cost of operation of the Peace Corps. What do you anticipate the administrative percentage of the National Service Corps dollar will be?

Mr. ANDERSON. Senator, we are shooting for a figure of about 15 percent, and that is included in the $4,100 overall cost. About $600 of the $4,100 would be administrative. We hope to hold it within 15 percent, and again we feel that because of the nature of this program, and the things that we have seen here already, where for example in our condemned building that we are living in, working in down on Jackson Place, we have every day people who come in and who are enthusiastic for the program, and who are anxious to work and help out part time without pay.

This is helpful. It will help keep our cost down, because I am sure this enthusiasm will continue and increase, if the program is enacted. Senator TOWER. Captain, we Navy men have always taken pride that there is no rear echelon in the Navy. Now, I know you have got to have a rear echelon here, but what do you anticipate the ratio of the administrators to actual field operatives would be?

Mr. ANDERSON. Senator, as we build up to a strength of 1,000, and then ultimately 5,000 corpsmen in the field, initially, in fact, our ratio will be poorer.

We hope that at the end of 1 year, having built up to approximately 1,000 corpsmen in the field, we will have a ratio of 1 to 10. We hope that as we build up to 5,000, that we can shoot for as high a ratio as 1 to 20.