to very constructive results. This, in turn, would put the community in a far better position to set up an ongoing program.

Also as a result of my experiences in HEW, I was impressed by the fact, to take another example, that there are thousands of persons in our mental hospita's who do not need to be there. They are there simply because trained people are not available to help reintroduce them to their communities and to help make it possible for them to become productive members of these communities. Here again I believe that a group of persons recruited by the National Service Corps could, in response to a State or community request and under the supervision of State or local personnel, be of real help in dealing with this type of situation. As I indicated in my editorial in Good Housekeeping, I believe that the Peace Corps represents the United States at its best. I also believe that the proposal for a National Service Corps could provide us with another example of the United States at its best.

If I can be of any help to the committee in its deliberations, I hope you will feel free to get in touch with me.

Very sincerely and cordially yours,

ARTHUR S. FLEMMING, President.

Senator WILLIAMS. We have a communication from Governor Brown of California addressed to the Attorney General that we will include in the record at this point.

(The communication referred to follows:)

STATE OF CALIFORNIA,

Hon. ROBERT KENNEDY,

GOVERNOR'S OFFICE, Sacramento, Calif., May 2, 1963.

Attorney General of the United States, Office of the Attorney General, Washington, D.C.

DEAR BOB: My staff has informed me of the recent visit of Mr. Richard Boone of your office concerning the proposed national service programs.

It is my belief that California can wholeheartedly endorse this proposal and would welcome its implementation here. Existing State organizations are available to assist.

It is believed that State agencies should be given some opportunity to review local proposals. Our role would not be one of authority but rather of making critical assessments of the purposes of the projects and their relationships to known areas of local need and interest to the State agency through day-to-day experience of working with their local counterparts. Often, additional resources might be suggested to the local project sponsor by the State agency, depending on the type of project. The comments of the State agency could be transmitted to the National Service Corps for its assistance in evaluation of the project proposal.

Another role which State agencies might have in the operation is consultation. This is a natural position since nearly all State agencies have extensive consultation relationships with local agencies as part of their present operating programs.

I am sure that there are many communities in California at present which could utilize such a program. There are also State institutions and/or programs that could materially benefit from the services of the proposed national service program.

I would urge its adoption by Congress.
Sincerely,

EDMUND G. BROWN, Governor.

Senator WILLIAMS. All my other questions have been answered both by your very splendid statement, Mr. Anderson, and by the information that is in the booklet, so I think we will excuse you at this point with our subcommittee's deep thanks for the great work you are doing, and those who are working with you.

Mr. ANDERSON. Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

Senator WILLIAMS. We have Senator Bayh, of Indiana, on his way here to testify. We will temporarily recess until Senator Bayh gets here.

(Brief recess.)

Senator WILLIAMS. We are just advised that Senator Bayh is in an executive meeting of another committee, and we will include his statement in the record at this point, and adjourn, subject to a later call.

(The prepared statement of Senator Birch Bayh follows:)

STATEMENT OF HON. BIRCH BAYH, A U.S. SENATOR FROM THE STATE OF INDIANA

Mr. Chairman, we in America have traditionally been a people with compassion for the misfortunes of our neighbors and fellow citizens. Our record abounds with evidence that generations of our people have been helpful and generous, willing to volunteer their time and effort to alleviate the suffering and poverty of those who are less fortunate than themselves. This spirit has manifested itself through the years in the work of the Red Cross, the Boy Scouts, and other voluntary charitable and service organizations, aiding in hospitals, mental institutions, slums, and often in private homes.

On a governmental level, our country has spent billions abroad through such programs as the Marshall plan, point 4, food for peace, and the Alliance for Progress to aid the development of less developed countries or the recovery of countries devastated by war. A recent example of this has been the Peace Corps which has 4,824 persons in training or overseas for work on projects to aid the less fortunate people of other countries. The success of these programs has been widely acclaimed. But they have been criticized for sending abroad American resources while there are unfulfilled needs at home. Now there is a chance for those who have pointed out these needs to aid in fulfilling them.

The National Service Corps presents an effective means for enlarging and perpetuating the practical idealism of our people by applying our resources more generously to our domestic problems. It will allow many persons past retirement age with valuable skills to put their skills to work on behalf of their fellow men and their country. It will allow the enthusiasm and idealism of youth to find a constructive and satisfying outlet.

The need for such a program is great. In the midst of abundance in America there is much poverty and suffering. Between 33 and 38 million Americans are living a life of hardship and suffering. The vast majority of these are poor, not from choice, but from circumstances beyond their control.

These people are the illiterate, the 8.4 percent of the total population over 25, who have not been able to complete their schooling.

They are the 400,000 children whose mothers must work and who are left alone while their mothers are gone.

They are the 5.4 million mentally retarded persons in the United States whose inability to learn makes them unable to adapt to society.

They are the Indians on reservations whose life expectancy is about 20 years less than for the rest of the population.

They are the 409,000 illiterate migratory farmworkers whose lot it has been to live in extreme poverty.

They are the urban and rural slum dwellers.

They are the chronically unemployed of the Appalachian region, to name one area which does not now provide more than a bare subsistence level for many of its people.

No one here in this room or in this country can tolerate this suffering by their fellow Americans. Help is needed to abolish poverty, disease, and suffering in America. Many of our people need a helping hand so that they can better help themselves. They must have the understanding and compassion of thousands of highly skilled Americans. Many voluntary agencies are engaged in this effort now, and they are doing excellent work. Conditions would be intolerable in many areas without the long and selfless efforts of these organizations' fine efforts. But they often lack funds to recruit volunteers and to provide for sufficient professional social workers. The President's Study Group estimated that 34,000 additional social workers will be required by 1970, yet only 2,000 are being graduated each year. Because many of these are women, there will be a high dropout rate for marriage and other reasons. This pattern is repeated in the nursing, home economics, and occupational and physical therapy fields. The Service Corps program is designed to aid these private agencies, to supplement their work, under their own control, by providing them with additional workers. 99-865-63-10

The service program will accomplish this by tapping the country's reserve of skills and by training people in needed skills in a way that private agencies cannot, usually on a short-term basis. The Service Corps will be able to use workers who are past the retirement age and whose skills cannot be used by private agencies which must retire persons at 65. Their skills and ideas are a large reservoir of talent which can be drawn upon for this program.

Greater flexibility in the Nation's social work program can be gained, since additional social workers can be moved on request of the local authorities to areas which have a shortage of these workers.

I realize that only 5,000 people cannot solve the problems of millions, but I firmly believe that the National Service Corps program will be an effective stimulus to greater efforts on the part of the fortunate five-sixths of our population for aiding their less fortunate fellow citizens. It will dramatize their plight and give all Americans the chance to fulfill the promise of our country. (Whereupon, at 11:15 a.m. the subcommittee adjourned, subject to the call of the Chair.)

NATIONAL SERVICE CORPS

FRIDAY, JUNE 7, 1963

U.S. SENATE,

SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE NATIONAL SERVICE CORPS

OF THE COMMITTEE ON LABOR AND PUBLIC WELFARE,

Princeton, NJ. The subcommittee met at 9 a.m., pursuant to call, in Whig Cliosophic Hall, Princeton University. Senator Harrison A. Williams, Jr. (chairman of the subcommittee), presiding.

Present: Senator Williams (presiding).

Subcommittee staff members present: Harry Wilkinson, associate counsel; Woodruff Price, research assistant; and Robert Locke, minority research assistant.

Senator WILLIAMS. The Subcommittee on National Service Corps will come to order.

We appreciate very much the full cooperation that we have had from Mr. Warren Elmer, Mr. Howard Stepp, and the students at Princeton.

I think it appropriate to thank the society whcih occupies this building. We have been advised that the Whig Cliosophic Society can count among its alumni 2 Presidents, 3 Vice Presidents, 22 Cabinet officers, and over 250 Members of the National Congress.

We meet today in these historic surroundings to hear testimony on a new expression of an old American ideal. Americans since the founding of this Nation have always viewed as one of their most. serious duties as citizens the obligation to work together for the betterment of their communities and thereby of their Nation. The National Service Corps will exemplify this traditional American spirit of help to others.

Though small in numbers, the men and women who join the Corps, will show that the proud ideals which inspired the founders of this Nation are living yet. They will show that this country is not a land of smug and self-satisfied prosperity but a Nation unwilling to rest until the last vestiges of poverty, hardship, and human suffering have been driven from its borders. This may seem a utopian goal. But because our goals have been high, our achievements have been great. We hear a lot these days from woebegone pessimists who decry and deplore our weakened moral fiber and who say that our youth are a lost generation. For some reason, the older generation has always thought the younger generation to be a dangerous public menace. I, for one, don't believe it. One of the most heartening things I have found in working for the creation of a National Service Corps is the great enthusiasm this idea has aroused among young people across the country. Today we will hear from some students who are already

demonstrating their very practical concern for the society of which they are a part by working on their own time, as volunteers, to improve it. They are not alone, I am sure. I think we could hold this hearing in almost any college or university in the country and find the same quiet dedication to the improvement of the lot of their fellow men.

We will also hear from some of the men who will be the keys to the success of this program. We know we have the enthusiasm and willingness to help, but this spirit must be directed into practical use by those who know the problems at firsthand and have some good ideas on how to meet them.

We have heard from several Cabinet officials as to the need for a Corps and the role of the Federal Government. The witnesses we will hear today will tell us how it will actually work in their communities. For this is not really a Federal program. The Congress can only provide the means to weld the great American willingness to help into a practical weapon against want and suffering. How that weapon will be used will depend on the community leaders in our towns, cities, and States.

Today's witnesses will demonstrate that our local leaders have the imagination to put this enthusiasm to good and effective use.

We will get underway this morning with the help of Mr. Howard Stepp, registrar of the university. Mr. Stepp has with him Ronald Glick, Edward Rivinus, and Michael Pane.

The National Service Corps legislation, which I introduced together with other Members of the Senate, and which Congressman Thompson of this district has introduced in the House, has been under consideration in the Congress for the last 2 or 3 weeks. This is our first opportunity to leave the Capitol and come to a community where we know there is experience in volunteer work in meeting grave social needs. We know we will be very much helped by the experience of you and your friends.

If you will proceed, we will be very happy to hear from you. STATEMENTS OF HOWARD STEPP, REGISTRAR, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY; RONALD GLICK; EDWARD RIVINUS; AND MICHAEL PANE

Mr. STEPP. First I will talk briefly about the undergraduates, if I may, and their particular chores.

Michael Pane is the president of the American Whig Cliosophic Society. The interests of this group range over the whole spectrum of human events, as is well known to the Princetonians here. They have had diverse philosophies among speakers in this hall, ranging from Norman Thomas to Senator Goldwater.

Some will remember that Alger Hiss spoke here a number of years ago. They do have freedom of action and freedom of speech, and the society in this university always will.

Ronald Glick, 1965, is director of the Trenton tutorial project, under whose auspices over 200 undergraduates representing this university and Trenton State Teachers College work in Trenton.

Edward Rivinus is the undergraduate director of the Princeton University Student Christian Association Summer Camp which is