Other high payoff training devices are the Remote Target System, which is the target mechanism component of the Army's Range Modernization Program; the Air Ground Engagement System, MILES for aircraft and air defense weapon systems; and MILES for M1/M2/M3. Several emerging training simula tors appear to have tremendous potential for more efficiently enhancing unit proficiency. As an example, the Tank Weapons Gunnery Simulation System is a precision laser device used with tanks and Bradley Fighting Vehicles. This device will allow tankers and infantrymen to practice gunnery by firing a precision laser beam at targets rather than expending live ammunition.

MILES has been a success in training tac tics. While MILES has provided unparalleled opportunities for realistic, two-sided, tactical training world-wide, true combined arms tactical engagement training is being sought. Ef forts to incorporate the simulation of field artillery indirect fire, mines, and NBC area weapons effects into MILES exercises will improve tactical engagement training.

Simulation Networking (SIMNET) is strongly supported by the Army in an effort to make up training shortfalls caused by reductions in the OPTEMPO of maneuver forces. SIMNET will interconnect large numbers (up to battal ions) of low cost combat vehicle simulators in two-sided, free play tactical engagement simu lation.

Battle simulations provide an efficient method of training soldiers, unit commanders, and staffs. However, simulations currently available to commanders are either manually driven or very labor intensive automated systems. There are no standard, computer-driven simulations at corps or division level. Brigade through crew simulations are inefficient and often do not operate in real time. However, improvements in battle simulation are underway. ARTBASS is a computer-driven simulation which provides a highly realistic environment to train battalion commanders and their staffs in the control and coordination of combined arms operations. ARTBASS fielding has begun.

Figure 2.15

The FY 87 budget reflects the Army's continued commitment to exploit the capabilities of training devices and simulators to provide realistic training with the potential to achieve long term economies by funding efforts to simulate indirect fire; expanding MILES use to RC units and to more types of weapon systems; continuing production of the Conduct of Fire Trainer and Flight Simulators; and funding ef forts to substitute training devices and simulators for live fire.

Our major thrust in the development of new training devices is to develop equipment that allows a high transfer of knowledge and experience from the training situation to a combat situation.

Automated Training Information. An automated training management system responsive to the planning and resource needs of units from battalion through Department of the Army is under development. ADEA has continued development and definition of the Integrated Training Management System (ITMS). Assessment, conceptual definition, and func tional description of the system have been completed. Also, approval has been granted to initiate a competitive contract action for the prototype, test bed validation of ITMS in the 9th Infantry Division (Mtz).

Training Facilities. To meet the complex training challenges for both AC and RC units, programs are underway to develop efficient and productive facilities. Begun in 1982, the Army Range Modernization Program has ma tured into an effective management system to field range systems in support of modernized weapons and training requirements. The Multipurpose Range Complex is the keystone facility which provides a challenging gunnery experience for tank and mechanized infantry units up to platoon level. Eleven of the 14 planned ranges will be under construction or completed by FY 87. The Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain (MOUT) facilities provide individual and collective training for this difficult contingency. Twelve MOUT complexes are planned; two additional facilities will be completed or under construction by FY 87. The Army has made a significant investment in range construction.

Three important training facility programs for the RC are: A Regional Training Center (RTC), Regional Maintenance Training Site (RMTS), and Regional Training Site-Medical (RTS-MED). The RTC, planned for Fort Dix, New Jersey, will be a test-bed facility for developing combat arms, combat support, and combat service support soldier and leader skills through a device-based training strategy. The RMTSS will be located in areas with a high density of non-divisional maintenance units. Pilot RMTSS are scheduled for Camp Shelby, Mississippi and Fort Bragg, North Carolina during FY 86. Twenty-one RMTSS will become operational between FY 86 and FY 90. The RMTS will be the keystone in transition and sustainment training for the RC non-divisional light and heavy equipment maintenance personnel on the repair of current and force modernization equipment. For many units, the RMTS will provide the only opportunity they will have to train on modern equipment before deployment to the theater of operations. The RTS-MED will provide ARNG medical units with complete sets of deployable medical systems hospital equipment for training.

National Training Center. The National Training Center (NTC) at Fort Irwin, California, is the Army's key facility for training mechanized and armor task forces. In FY 85, the NTC reached its sustainment level of 28 battalion rotations per year. Army National Guard roundout battalions also receive the benefit of the NTC experience. Five units trained alongside their active partners in FY 85, two more are scheduled in FY 86, and two are projected for FY 87. Improved unit performance at NTC manifests the significant positive impact of the NTC on Army training. The implementation of the NTC Five Year Plan in FY 87 will bring some important improvements. The brigade headquarters and supporting elements will be more fully integrated into the exercise and evaluation. Air Force tactical air participation, already extensive, will be integrated into the instrumentation system.

Another important initiative is the inclusion of four light infantry battalions each year. This program prepares those units for high intensity combat and teaches the heavy and light forces to work together on the battlefield.

Reserve Component Training. Initiatives are underway to improve training of the RC to prepare units better to execute their wartime mission. The Key Personnel Upgrade Program (KPUP) develops key personnel within ARNG units through direct association during additional training periods with a counterpart AC officer or NCO. The program provides ARNG officers and NCOs practical experience in a tactical environment. The USAR operates a readiness training program for skill qualification. This program places members of the IRR on periods of voluntary active duty with an AC unit in positions appropriate for their grades and mobilization specialties.

The Capstone Program orients RC commanders to their wartime organization and provides the opportunity to train with active counterparts. The Overseas Deployment Training (ODT) Program enables high priority RC units to train in their contingency areas with their wartime gaining command. The ODT program has increased from 26 units and cells in 1976, the first year of the program, to over 1,900 units and cells for FY 85. Selected units trained up to 26 days in Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) exercises working alongside their AC counterparts. Projections indicate that nearly 2,000 units and cells will participate in FY 86, including the 32nd Infantry Brigade, Wisconsin ARNG which participated in REFORGER FY 86. During FY 87, 1,280 units and cells have been approved. As long as JCS exercise funds are provided, funding will support the current level of RC participation in ODT.

The Army Exercise Program. The overall Army exercise program includes both unilateral and joint and combined exercises. Unilateral exercises are generally sponsored and conducted at corps level and below. Major joint and combined exercises are coordinated and sponsored by the JCS or one of the unified commands under the auspices of the JCS Exercise Program. The levels of Army commitment of troops and support to the

exercise schedule is governed by availability of forces to meet troop list requests, the sufficiency of support funds and the relative value of the activity as a training vehicle or instrument of national policy.

Deployment exercises provide invaluable training to CONUS-based units. Troops and equipment are deployed and exercised in Europe, Southwest Asia, Central America, Korea and the Pacific. In FY 87, the Army will participate in over 45 JCS directed or coordinated exercises. However, sharp reductions in joint exercise support funds were made for all commands except U.S. Southern Command. The total exercise program for FY 87 will be funded at 15 percent lower than the FY 85 program and 7 percent lower than the FY 86 program. Participation levels for FY 87 exercises have been adjusted to meet the lower funding levels. The major impact is the reduced level of Forces Command (FORSCOM) support.

Joint training and interoperability objectives have been established for each exercise to ensure that forces have sufficient time to develop supporting objectives and ccnduct preparatory training. RC participation for specific exercises is identified at least two years prior to execution.

REFORGER 87. The largest group of CONUS-based forces (28,000) ever to participate in REFORGER will be deployed, draw POMCUS, and conduct a field training exercise. The REFORGER series demonstrates rapid reinforcement of NATO and U.S. warfighting capabilities, improves NATO interoperability, and exercises general defense plans. In FY 87, RC involvement will be extensive since the majority of all exercise combat service support will be provided by RC units.

Team Spirit 87. This exercise improves the combat readiness of the Republic of Korea and U.S. forces through joint and combined training that includes strategic and tactical deployments and the reception and use of U.S.based augmentation. Augmentation forces will include brigade size forces from the 25th Infantry Division and the 7th Infantry Division (Light), special operations forces and a

considerable number of RC units with combat service support missions.

· Kindle Liberty 87, Cabanas 87, Blazing Trails 87, and Ahuas Tara 87. These joint and combined exercises will deploy CONUS-based active and reserve forces to Central America under the sponsorship of U.S. Southern Command. Deploying forces will be integrated with forward deployed U.S. and host nation forces and will conduct field training exercises that emphasize counterinsurgency operations. These exercises improve the training of both

U.S. and friendly forces while maintaining a U.S. presence in the region and providing a means to deter aggression.

Bright Star 87. This is a large scale U.S. Central Command exercise that will deploy CONUS-based forces to various countries of that command's area of operations. The exercise will emphasize rapid deployment, mobility, host nation agreements, combat `readiness and extensive integration of RC units.

The Army mobilizes and prepares for war in concert with the other services, by developing a capability to expand and deploy the required personnel, supplies and equipment needed to respond to any crisis. Planning for this capability involves continued refinement of policies and procedures to ensure adequate manpower and logistics arrive in-theater at the required place and the proper time. The ability to mobilize rapidly and effectively is an important element of deterrence and is critical to successful warfighting. Planning for mobilization must complement operational planning and include military mobilization, industrial responsiveness and crisis management. Mobilization must be integrated with all DOD planning and exercise activities.

Recent developments include a system to improve the Army's rail capability to support mobilization and deployment; a program to ensure Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) training for designated Individual Ready Reservists; testing of Rapid Erectable Light Mobilization Structures to offset increased requirements for facilities during mobilization; plans for establishing and operating the minimum forward stationing forces in a shortfall area to plan, coordinate, receive and sustain reinforcing divisions and establish community support; and development and testing of new logistics doctrine and procedures for Army units, the sustaining base, and battlefield support systems.

Mobilizing the total force will continue to be of highest priority. In FY 78 the ARNG began an exercise program, complementary to the JCS exercise program, to evaluate mobilization and deployment preparedness of high priority units. In FY 85 nearly 600 exercises were conducted involving almost 1,400 ARNG units. Beginning in FY 87 the USAR will begin similar exercises of early deploying units.

Strategic Mobility.The ability to meet time sensitive force and sustaining supply delivery requirements is critical to the Army's global deployment mission. We remain vitally concerned about the adequacy of airlift and sealift resources and continue to support fully the Air Force and Navy in their efforts to improve total strategic mobility capability. Improvements in both of these areas are being made. We have formalized our joint commitments to work together to define the requirements and to identify the programs which will most efficiently meet those requirements. These commitments are embodied in Memorandums of Agreement we have entered into with the Air Force and the Navy. Despite these coordinated efforts, progress in resolving strategic lift capability shortfalls is slow, and the solutions are expensive. Our efforts are further complicated by the continuing decline in the capability of the civil sector, primarily the U.S. Merchant Marine, to support our wartime needs.

Adequate strategic airlift is most critical in the early days of a war or crisis. Figure 2.16 illustrates projected strategic airlift program capabilities through FY 91, expressed in millions of ton miles per day (MTM/D).

The FY 91 program will result in approximately 48 MTM/D of capability against a recognized long term requirement of 66 MTM/D. The resulting shortfall of approximately 18 MTM/D will be reduced significantly by fielding the C-17 Airlifter which is scheduled for initial operating capability in FY 92. In addition to reducing the overall strategic airlift shortfall, this versatile aircraft will provide essential outsize airlift capability, reduce the intratheater airlift shortfall, provide a needed replacement for the C-141, and augment the C-130 fleet. In the near term, airlift capability is being improved by "rewinging" the C-5A fleet, acquiring 48 C-5Bs and 44 additional KC-10s, improving wartime aircraft utilization rates, extending the service life of existing aircraft, and limited enhancement of the capabilities of the Civil Reserve Air Fleet.

continuing decline of the Merchant Marine fleet, and the industry trend toward containerization and away from more militarily useful breakbulk shipping, requires an innovative look at the scope and direction of strategic sealift programs. Figure 2.17 portrays the decline in the number and capacity of militarily useful general cargo ship capacity in the U.S. Merchant Marine from 1970 to 1990. The importance of an active program to respond to this decline cannot be overstated. The Navy, with our support, is meeting this challenge through a combination of programmed increases to the U.S. Ready Reserve Force and enhancement programs to allow container ships to be modified to support unit equipment movement requirements.

600

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6000

NO. OF SHIPS

0 1970

NUMBER OF SHIPS

Figure 2.17

Figure 2.18 illustrates the impact these programs will have on total unit equipment surge shipping capability by FY 91. Two significant points must be noted. First, we are incapable of meeting our total surge requirement; and second, unless the decline of the U.S. Merchant Marine Fleet is halted or reversed, or new ideas are developed, our capability will decline further.