RELATIONSHIP OF PARTIES OTHER THAN THE UNITED STATES TO OTHER REGIONAL ARRANGEMENTS Some of the parties to the collective defense agreements referred to in this document are parties to other regional agreements to which the United States is not a party. This involves especially the NATO countries, which, in article 8 of the North Atlantic Treaty, declare "*** that none of the international engagements now in force between it and any other of the Parties or any third state is in conflict with the provisions of this Treaty, and undertakes not to enter into any international engagement in conflict with this Treaty." In the interval between World War II and the establishment of NATO, the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg joined in the Brussels Treaty (text on p. 133) wherein they agree to assist each other in the event of an armed attack. The Brussels Pact nations were the nucleus of European nations who formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. The pact is still in effect and was acceded to by the Federal Republic of Germany and Italy on May 6, 1956 (text of Protocol Modifying and Completing the Brussels Treaty on p. 136). Some NATO countries also have entered into security agreements with non-NATO countries, as follows: Treaty of Friendship and Alliance between the United Kingdom and Libya (text on p. 152), July 29, 1953. Balkan Pact (text on p. 154), August 9, 1954: Treaty of Alliance, Political Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance between Greece, Turkey, and Yugoslavia. Baghdad Pact (text on p. 158), February 24, 1955: Pact of Mutual Cooperation between Turkey, United Kingdom, Pakistan, Iran and Iraq. Iraq gave formal notification on March 24, 1959, of its decision to withdraw. The treaty organization was redesignated the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) by a resolution of the Council of the Organization adopted August 21, 1959. The United States on July 29, 1958, joined in a Declaration agreeing to cooperate with Iran, Pakistan, Turkey, and the United Kingdom for their security and defense. (See p. 160.) The United States is a member of the Military, Economic and Anti-Subversion Committees of CENTO and an observer at the Council meetings. Agreement between the United Kingdom and Malaysia on External Defense and Mutual Assistance, October 12, 1957. (Text on p. 161.) Agreements between France and former French territories now independent African States. (Text on p. 165.) Treaty of Alliance between Greece, Turkey, and Cyprus, with additional protocols, Treaty of Guarantee, and Treaty concerning the establishment of the Republic of Cyprus, dated August 16, 1960. (Texts on pp. 167-174.) Agreement on Mutual Defence and Assistance between Malta and the United Kingdom dated September 21, 1964. (Text on p. 175.) Article 6 of the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty (SEATO) contains the following declaration which is similar to that quoted above from the North Atlantic Treaty: none of the international engagements now in force between it and any other of the Parties or any third party is in conflict with the provisions of this Treaty, and undertakes not to enter into any international engagement in conflict with this Treaty. Pakistan, which is a member of the Central Treaty Organization, is a party to SEATO. France and the United Kingdom, which are parties to the Brussels Treaty and NATO, also are parties to SEATO. Australia and New Zealand, parties with the United States to a security treaty, and the Philippines, with which the United States has a mutual defense treaty, are all also parties to SEATO. TEXTS OF TREATIES TO WHICH THE UNITED STATES IS A PARTY INTER-AMERICAN TREATY OF RECIPROCAL ASSISTANCE Opened for Signature at Rio de Janeiro September 2, 1947; In the name of their Peoples, the Governments represented at the Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Continental Peace and Security, desirous of consolidating and strengthening their relations of friendship and good neighborliness, and Considering: That Resolution VIII of the Inter-American Conference on Problems of War and Peace, [3] which met in Mexico City, recommended the conclusion of a treaty to prevent and repel threats and acts of aggression against any of the countries of America; That the High Contracting Parties reiterate their will to remain united in an inter-American system consistent with the purposes and principles of the United Nations, and reaffirm the existence of the agreement which they have concluded concerning those matters relating to the maintenance of international peace and security which are appropriate for regional action; That the High Contracting Parties reaffirm their adherence to the principles of inter-American solidarity and cooperation, and especially to those set forth in the preamble and declarations of the Act of Chapultepec, all of which should be understood to be accepted as standards of their mutual relations and as the juridical basis of the Inter-American System; The Organization of American States Foreign Ministers voted at Punta del Este (Jan. 22-31, 1962) to exclude "the present Government of Cuba" from participation in the inter-American system. (See p. 72.) ? Trinidad and Tobago signed the OAS Charter on March 13, 1967, and deposited its ratification of the Charter on March 17, thus becoming a member of the Organization of American States. It has indicated its intention of signing the Protocol of amendment to the Charter as well as the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance in the very near future. Treaties and Other International Acts Series 1543; 60 Stat. 1831. That the American States propose, in order to improve the procedures for the pacific settlement of their controversies, to conclude the treaty concerning the "Inter-American Peace System" envisaged in Resolutions IX and XXXIX of the Inter-American Conference on Problems of War and Peace, [*] That the obligation of mutual assistance and common defense of the American Republics is essentially related to their democratic ideals and to their will to cooperate permanently in the fulfillment of the principles and purposes of a policy of peace; That the American regional community affirms as a manifest truth that juridical organization is a necessary prerequisite of security and peace, and that peace is founded on justice and moral order and, consequently, on the international recognition and protection of human rights and freedoms, on the indispensable well-being of the people, and on the effectiveness of democracy for the international realization of justice and security; Have resolved, in conformity with the objectives stated above, to conclude the following Treaty, in order to assure peace, through adequate means, to provide for effective reciprocal assistance to meet armed attacks against any American State, and in order to deal with threats of aggression against any of them: ARTICLE 1 The High Contracting Parties formally condemn war and undertake in their international relations not to resort to the threat or the use of force in any manner inconsistent with the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations or of this Treaty. ARTICLE 2 As a consequence of the principle set forth in the preceding Article, the High Contracting Parties undertake to submit every controversy which may arise between them to methods of peaceful settlement and to endeavor to settle any such controversy among themselves by means of the procedures in force in the Inter-American System before referring it to the General Assembly or the Security Council of the United Nations. ARTICLE 3 1. The High Contracting Parties agree that an armed attack by any State against an American State shall be considered as an attack against all the American States and, consequently, each one of the said Contracting Parties undertakes to assist in meeting the attack in the exercise of the inherent right of individual or collective selfdefense recognized by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations. 2. On the request of the State or States directly attacked and until the decision of the Organ of Consultation of the Inter-American System, each one of the Contracting Parties may determine the immediate measures which it may individually take in fulfillment of the obligation contained in the preceding paragraph and in accordance with the principle of continental solidarity. The Organ of Consultation shall meet without delay for the purpose of examining those Report of the Delegation of the United States of America to the Inter-American Conference on Problems of War and Peace, Mexico City, Mexico, February 21-March 8, 1945, Department of State publication 2497, p. 107. measures and agreeing upon the measures of a collective character that should be taken. 3. The provisions of this Article shall be applied in case of any armed attack which takes place within the region described in Article 4 or within the territory of an American State. When the attack takes place outside of the said areas, the provisions of Article 6 shall be applied. 4. Measures of self-defense provided for under this Article may be taken until the Security Council of the United Nations has taken the measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. ARTICLE 4 The region to which this Treaty refers is bounded as follows: beginning at the North Pole; thence due south to a point 74 degrees north latitude, 10 degrees west longitude; thence by a rhumb line to a point 47 degrees 30 minutes north latitude, 50 degrees west longitude; thence by a rhumb line to a point 35 degrees north latitude, 60 degrees west longitude; thence due south to a point in 20 degrees north latitude; thence by a rhumb line to a point 5 degrees north latitude, 24 degrees west longitude; thence due south to the South Pole; thence due north to a point 30 degrees south latitude, 90 degrees west longitude; thence by a rhumb line to a point on the Equator at 97 degrees west longitude; thence by a rhumb line to a point 15 degrees north latitude, 120 degrees west longitude; thence by a rhumb line to a point 50 degrees north latitude, 170 degrees east longitude; thence due north to a point in 54 degrees north latitude; thence by a rhumb line to a point 65 degrees 30 minutes north latitude, 168 degrees 58 minutes 5 seconds west longitude; thence due north to the North Pole. ARTICLE 5 The High Contracting Parties shall immediately send to the Security Council of the United Nations, in conformity with Articles 51 and 54 of the Charter of the United Nations, complete information concerning the activities undertaken or in contemplation in the exercise of the right of self-defense or for the purpose of maintaining inter-American peace and security. ARTICLE 6 If the inviolability or the integrity of the territory or the sovereignty or political independence of any American State should be affected by an aggression which is not an armed attack or by an extra-continental or intra-continental conflict, or by any other fact or situation that might endanger the peace of America, the Organ of Consultation shall meet immediately in order to agree on the measures which must be taken in case of aggression to assist the victim of the aggression or, in any case, the measures which should be taken for the common defense and for the maintenance of the peace and security of the Continent. ARTICLE 7 In the case of a conflict between two or more American States, without prejudice to the right of self-defense in conformity with |