lists. All blank books and blank forms and the printed stationery used by the Department are supplied by him. The advertising done by the Department is in his charge. Under the direction of the Chief Clerk he has supervision of all the work incident to the purchase and distribution of supplies for the Department, and of the keeping of detailed accounts of all expenditures from the appropriations for contingent expenses and printing and binding of the Department. He receives, verifies, and preserves the semiannual returns of property of the Department supplied from the contingent appropriation, and examines and reports on the semiannual property returns of all bureaus and services.

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

The statutory functions of the Bureau of Labor Statistics are "to acquire and diffuse among the people of the United States useful information on subjects connected with labor, in the most general and comprehensive sense of that word, and especially upon its relation to capital, the hours of labor, the earnings of laboring men and women, and the means of promoting their material, social, intellectual, and moral prosperity." Other specific continuing duties have been added from time to time by acts or resolutions of Congress, by Executive order, and by the Secretary of Labor.

The Bureau makes and publishes current reports, usually on a monthly basis, on employment, pay rolls, earnings, and hours of labor in manufacturing, trade, public service, building construction, and other industries; union wages; industrial accidents and accident rates; labor turnover; industrial disputes; wholesale and retail prices; and changes in cost of living of workingmen's families in the principal cities of the United States. Federal and State legislation and court decisions affecting labor are closely followed, and digests and analyses thereof published. Special studies are made from time to time on the wage situation in particular industries, on productivity of labor, on consumers' cooperation, and on a large number of other subjects bearing on the welfare of labor.

Dissemination of the information acquired by the Bureau in the discharge of its duties is through the publication of special bulletins on specific subjects, and through the Monthly Labor Review and Labor Information Bulletin.

IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE

Under the act of March 3, 1933 (Public, No. 428, 47 Stat. 1517), and the Executive order issued pursuant to the statute, dated June 10, 1933 (6166/sec. 14), the Immigration and Naturalization Service was formed through the consolidation of the former Bureaus of Immigration and Naturalization, effective August 10, 1933.

The functions of the consolidated Service are the administration of the laws relating to the admission, exclusion, and deportation of aliens, and the naturalization of aliens lawfully resident in the United States; to investigate alleged violations of said laws, and when prosecution is deemed advisable to submit evidence for that purpose to the appropriate United States district attorneys.

Under the provisions of the act of June 29, 1906, naturalization jurisdiction was conferred upon certain specified United States and State courts. The Service exercises administrative supervision over the clerks of these courts in naturalization matters, and requires an accounting for all naturalization fees collected by them. Through its field officers, located in various cities in the United States, the Service investigates the qualifications of candidates for citizenship and represents the Government at the hearings of petitions for naturalization.

CHILDREN'S BUREAU

The act establishing the Bureau provides that it shall investigate and report upon all matters pertaining to the welfare of children and child life among all classes of our people, and shall especially investigate the questions of infant mortality, the birth rate, orphanage, juvenile courts, desertion, dangerous occupations, accidents, and diseases of children, employment, and legislation affecting children in the several States and Territories. The Bureau is also empowered to publish the results of these investigations in such manner and to such extent as may be prescribed by the Secretary of Labor.

Under the Social Security Act of 1935 the Children's Bureau was given responsibility for administration of parts 1, 2, and 3 of title V of the act, containing provisions for maternal and child-health services, services for crippled children, and child-welfare services.

WOMEN'S BUREAU

This Bureau was established as a statutory bureau under act of June 5, 1920, "An act to establish in the Department of Labor a bureau to be known as the Women's Bureau." Its functions are to formulate standards and policies to promote the welfare of wage-earning women, to improve their working conditions, increase their efficiency, and advance their opportunity for profitable employment. The Bureau has authority to investigate and report to the Department upon all matters pertaining to the welfare of women in industry. The Director of the Bureau publishes the results of these investigations in the manner and to such extent as the Secretary of Labor may prescribe.

This Bureau, formerly known as the Women in Industry Service, organized in July 1918, was established by an appropriation in the act providing for the sundry civil expenses of the Government for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1919, its function being to serve as a policy-forming and advisory body during the war emergency, whose special duty was to develop in the industries of the country policies and methods for the most effective use of women's services in production, and safeguarding such employment from injurious conditions. This service was continued by appropriation during the following year and until it became a statutory bureau by the act of Congress above quoted.

UNITED STATES EMPLOYMENT SERVICE

The United States Employment Service was established by an act "To provide for the establishment of a national employment system and for cooperation with the States in the promotion of such system, and for other purposes", approved June 6, 1933 (48 Stat. 113). The Employment Service which existed in the Department of Labor was abolished, effective September 6, 1933, by the provisions of this act, although many of its functions were redefined and continued.

The provinces and duties of the United States Employment Service as outlined in this act are: To promote and develop a national system of employment offices for men, women, and juniors who are legally qualified to engage in gainful occupation; to maintain a veterans' service to be devoted to securing employment for veterans; to maintain a farm placement service; to maintain a public-employment service for the District of Columbia; to assist in establishing and maintaining systems of public-employment offices in the several States and political subdivisions thereof; to assist in coordinating the public-employment offices throughout the country and in increasing their usefulness by prescribing minimum standards of efficiency and promoting uniformity in their administrative and statistical procedure; to furnish and publish information as to opportunities for employment; and to maintain a system of clearing labor between the several States. Passage of the Social Security Act imposes heavy responsibilities upon the public-employment offices of this country. Section 303 (a) requires that unemployment compensation shall be paid "solely through public-employment offices in the State or such other agencies as the Board may approve.'

JOINT COMMITTEE ON PRINTING

The Joint Committee on Printing, consisting of three Members of the Senate and three Members of the House of Representatives, was created by the act of August 3, 1846, and its principal duties are set forth in the Printing Act approved January 12, 1895. That act gave the committee authority "to remedy any neglect or delay in the public printing and binding.' This authority was extended by section 11 of the Legislative Appropriation Act for 1920, empowering the committee "to adopt and employ such measures as, in its discretion, may be deemed necessary to remedy any neglect, delay, duplication, or waste in the public printing and binding and the distribution of Government publications."

The act of 1895 provides that the committee "shall have control of the arrangement and style of the Congressional Record, and, while providing that it shall be substantially a verbatim report of proceedings, shall take all needed action for the reduction of unnecessary bulk." The committee is also authorized to provide for the publication of semimonthly and session indexes to the Record and has general authority over the forms and style of congressional printing and binding.

The CONGRESSIONAL DIRECTORY, memorial addresses on deceased Senators and Members, statue proceedings, and similar publications are compiled and prepared under the direction of the committee. The Superintendent of Documents pub

lishes the index of public documents upon a plan approved by the committee and indexes such single volumes as it shall direct.

The committee is directed by law to establish rules and regulations for the printing of documents and reports in two or more editions. Orders for subsequent editions after 2 years from date of original order must receive its approval. The committee directs whether extra copies of documents and reports shall be bound in paper or cloth, and prescribes the arrangement and binding of documents for depositary libraries.

The cost of printing any document or report which cannot be properly charged to any other appropriation may, upon order of the committee, be charged to the congressional allotment.

The committee may order additional copies printed of any Government publication within a limit of $200 in cost in any one instance.

The act of 1895 also provides that the committee shall exercise the following functions in regard to the purchase of paper for the public printing and binding: Fix upon standards of quality, receive proposals and award contracts therefor, appoint a member of the board of paper inspection, determine differences of opinion as to quality, act upon defaults, and authorize open-market purchases.

The Legislative Appropriation Act for 1925 authorizes the Public Printer to procure under the direction of the Joint Committee on Printing in accordance with the act approved January 12, 1895, and furnish, on requisition, paper and envelopes (not including envelopes printed in the course of manufacture) in common use by two or more departments, establishments, or services of the Government in the District of Columbia.

The Public Printer is required by law to advertise for bids for material, other than paper, under the direction of the committee, and to make a return to it on all such contracts awarded by him. The committee may authorize the Public Printer to make certain open-market purchases of material, and, by resolution, it has required him to obtain its approval on all purchases of machinery and equipment in excess of $1,000 in any one instance.

Maps and illustration plates for Government publications are purchased under the direction of the committee whenever the probable cost exceeds $1,200; or, whenever the exigencies of the public service do not justify advertisement, the committee may authorize immediate contracts for lithographing and engraving. Printing for the Patent Office is required by law to be done under such regulations and conditions as the committee may prescribe.

Section 11 of the Legislative Appropriation Act for 1920 requires all printing, binding, and blank-book work for the Government to be done at the Government Printing Office, except such classes of work as shall be deemed by the Joint Committee on Printing to be urgent or necessary to have done elsewhere than in the District of Columbia for the exclusive use of any field service outside of said District.

THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

The Smithsonian Institution was created by act of Congress in 1846, under the terms of the will of James Smithson, an Englishman, who in 1826 bequeathed his fortune to the United States to found, at Washington, under the name of the "Smithsonian Institution", an establishment for the "increase and diffusion of knowledge among men." The Institution is legally an establishment, having as its members the President of the United States, the Vice President, the Chief Justice, and the President's Cabinet. It is governed by a Board of Regents, consisting of the Vice President, the Chief Justice, three Members of the United States Senate, three Members of the House of Representatives, and six citizens of the United States appointed by joint resolution of Congress. The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution is its executive officer and the director of its activities.

Through the Hodgkins fund, the income of $100,000 of which is for the increase and diffusion of knowledge in regard to the nature and properties of atmospheric air in connection with the welfare of man, grants have been made, publications issued, and medals and prizes awarded.

The library of the Smithsonian Institution (of which the Smithsonian Deposit in the Library of Congress and the libraries of the United States National Museum and the Bureau of American Ethnology are the chief units) consists mainly of scientific publications, including especially the reports, proceedings, and transactions of the learned societies and institutions of the world, and numbers over 860,000 volumes, pamphlets, and charts.

GOVERNMENT BUREAUS UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE SERVICE

The International Exchange Service is the agency of the United States Government for the exchange of scientific, literary, and governmental publications with foreign governments, institutions, and investigators. It receives and dispatches about 700,000 pounds of printed matter annually.

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY

The Bureau of American Ethnology is engaged in the collection and publication of information relating to the American Indians and the natives of Hawaii.

ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY

The Astrophysical Observatory investigates solar radiation and other solar phenomena. The work of this observatory is carried on partly in Washington, D. C., and partly at stations on Mount Wilson and Table Mountain, in California; Mount Montezuma, near Calama, Chile; and Mount St. Katherine, Sinai Peninsula, Egypt.

NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK

The National Zoological Park has an area of 175 acres, and is located in the Rock Creek Valley, 2 miles north of the center of Washington. Its collection comprises about 3,000 animals.

UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM

The United States National Museum is the depository of the national collections. It is especially rich in the natural science of America, including zoology, entomology, botany, geology, paleontology, archeology, ethnology, and physical anthropology, and has extensive series relating to the arts and industries, the fine arts, and history. The great study series in the various fields of natural science form the basis for fundamental researches in pure science, upon which the structure of applied science is built. The collections in the field of history comprise art, antiquarian, military, naval, numismatic, and philatelic materials, and include many historic objects relating to the period of the World War. The arts and industries collections consist of objects relating to engineering, textiles, graphic arts, and medicine, and include raw materials, processes of manufacture, and finished products. The aircraft display includes among others the historic airplanes of Langley, Wright, and Curtiss, Lindbergh's "Spirit of St. Louis", and Wiley Post's "Winnie Mae."

NATIONAL COLLECTION OF FINE ARTS

The National Collection of Fine Arts is the depository for those portions of the national collections relating to the fine arts, including principally paintings and sculpture. It contains among other exhibits the George P. Marsh collection of etchings, engravings, and books on art; the Harriet Lane Johnston collection, including a number of portraits by British masters; the Ralph Cross Johnson collection of paintings by Italian, French, English, Flemish, and Dutch masters; the William T. Evans collection of paintings by contemporary American artists; and the gift of Mr. John Gellatly, of New York, made in June 1929, of his notable art collection, containing more than 150 pictures by eminent American and foreign artists, large collections of glass, jewels, oriental specimens, antique furniture, and other valuable and interesting material. By the terms of the gift, the collection was brought to Washington on April 30, 1933. A considerable addition was made by Mr. Gellatly in August 1930 to his original gift.

The Freer Gallery of Art is contained in a separate building provided by the late Charles L. Freer, of Detroit, especially designed and constructed to house the notable collection also presented by him. This comprises numerous paintings, etchings, etc., by Whistler, Tryon, Dewing, Thayer, and other American artists, and extensive examples of Japanese and Chinese art. This collection is to the art and archeology of the Far East what the Cairo Museum is to that of Egypt.

DIVISION OF RADIATION AND ORGANISMS

(Supported by Smithsonian private funds)

The Division of Radiation and Organisms was established during the year 1929 for the purpose of making scientific investigations relating to the effect of radiation on the growth and life of plants and animals.

PAN AMERICAN UNION

(Formerly International Bureau of American Republics)

The Pan American Union is the official international organization of the 21 Republics of the Western Hemisphere. It was established with a view to developing closer cooperation between the nations of America, the fostering of interAmerican commerce, the strengthening of intellectual and cultural ties, and the interchange of information on all problems affecting the welfare of the nations of this continent. It is supported through their joint contributions, each nation annually paying that part of the budget of expenses which its population bears to the total population of all the Republics. Its general control is vested in a governing board made up of the diplomatic representatives in Washington of all the Latin-American Governments and the Secretary of State of the United States. Its executive officers are a director general and an assistant director, elected by the board. They in turn are assisted by a trained staff of editors, statisticians, compilers, trade experts, translators, librarians, and clerks. It is strictly international in its scope, purpose, and control, and each nation has equal authority in its administration. Its activities and facilities include the following: Publication in English, Spanish, Portuguese, with separate editions, of an illustrated monthly bulletin, which is the record of the progress of all the Republics; publication of handbooks, descriptive pamphlets, commercial statements, maps, and special reports relating to each country; correspondence covering all phases of pan-American activities; distribution of every variety of information helpful in the promotion of pan-American commerce, acquaintance, cooperation, and solidarity of interests. It also sets the date and prepares the programs for the International Conferences of the American States, known as the Pan American Conferences, and is custodian of their archives. Its library, known as the Columbus Memorial Library, contains 100,000 volumes, including the official publications, documents, and laws of all the Republics, together with a large collection of maps. The Union also possesses a collection of more than 25,000 photographs, lantern slides, and negatives. Its reading room has upon its tables the representative magazines and newspapers of Latin America. Both are open to the public for consultation and study. It occupies and owns buildings and grounds facing Seventeenth Street, between Constitution Avenue and C Street, overlooking Potomac Park on the south and the White House Park on the east. These buildings and grounds, representing an outlay of $1,100,000, of which Mr. Andrew Carnegie contributed $850,000 and the American Republics $250,000, are dedicated forever to the use of the Pan American Union as an international organization. The Pan American Union was founded in 1890, under the name of the International Bureau of American Republics, in accordance with the action of the First Pan American Conference, held in Washington in 1889-90 and presided over by James G. Blaine, then Secretary of State. It was reorganized in 1907 by action of the Third Pan American Conference, held in Rio de Janeiro in 1906, and upon the initiative of Elihu Root, then Secretary of State. At the fourth conference, held at Buenos Aires in 1910, its name was changed from the International Bureau of American Republics to the Pan American Union. The fifth conference, held at Santiago, Chile, in 1923; the sixth conference, which met at Habana, Cuba, in 1928; and the seventh conference, held at Montevideo, Uruguay, in 1933, considerably enlarged the functions of the Pan American Union. All communications should be addressed to the Director General, Pan American Union, Washington, D. C.

GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE

The Comptroller General of the United States is charged by law with the settlement and adjustment, independently of the executive departments, of all claims and demands whatever by the Government of the United States or against it, and all accounts whatever in which the Government of the United States is concerned, either as debtor or creditor, and is vested with all powers and duties previously conferred or imposed by law upon the former Comptroller of the Treasury and the six Auditors of the Treasury Department; also with the duty of keeping the personal ledger accounts of disbursing and collecting officers; of reporting to Congress delinquency in rendering accounts; and of certifying balances, which are final and conclusive, upon the executive branch of the Government. He may provide for payment of accounts or claims adjusted and