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'Sir Thomas More,' the third apocryphal play that has some claim to be regarded as partly by Shakespeare, has been reprinted three times in modern days, viz. by Dyce (1844), Hopkinson (1902), Tucker Brooke (1908), and in facsimile by Farmer (1910).* While exceptionally free from Shakespeare 'tags' or echoes of his work, yet in characterisation and sustained level of thought and diction parts at least of this play do not fall below the standard we expect to find in all that Shakespeare wrote. The date of the play is not later than 1596, and ours is a draft copy, revised and corrected by several hands. It seems just possible that the corrections and additions by one of these are in Shakespeare's own writing.† All the critics assign the first 170 lines of Act II, Sc. 4, to this hand, though other passages may also be his work. The passage alluded to is a scene where Sir Thomas More pacifies a mob of 'prentices and other rioters against the alien Lombards, who like the Germans of the present day had established themselves in a privileged position in London, and to a great extent controlled English finance and industry. The scene opens on the

Jack Cade note, Lincoln being the leader:

Linc. Peace, hear me! He that will not see a red herring at a Harry groat, butter at elevenpence a pound, meal at nine shillings a bushel, and beef at four nobles a stone, list to me!

Betts. It will come to that pass, if strangers be suffered. Mark him!

Linc. Our country is a great eating country: argo, they eat more in our country than they do in their own.

Betts. By a halfpenny loaf a day, troy weight.

Then the Lord Mayor, Sir Thomas More, and other Lords come on the scene, and attempts are made by various speakers to get a hearing. Finally More speaks :

More. While's they are o'er the bank of their obedience thus will they bear down all things.

Linc. Shrieve More speaks! Shall we hear Shrieve More speak?

Harleian MSS., 7368.

† Dr W. W. Greg has recently pronounced against this belief, but Sir E. Maunde Thompson has still more recently championed Shakespeare's authorship.

More gradually calms the mob by his eloquence and ends with this fine speech:

'For to the King hath God his office lent
Of dread, of justice, power, and command;
Hath bid him rule and will'd you to obey ;
And to add ampler majesty to this,

He hath not only lent the King his figure,

His throne and sword, but given him his own name,
Calls him a god on earth. What do you then,
Rising 'gainst him, that God himself installs,
But rise 'gainst God? . . . O desperate as you are
Wash your foul minds with tears,* and those same hands
That you, like rebels, lift against the peace,
Lift up for peace, and your unreverent knees,
Make them your feet to kneel to be forgiven !
Tell me but this: what rebel captain,

As mutinies are incident, by his name

Can still the rout? Who will obey a traitor?
Or how can well that proclamation sound
When there is no addition but a rebel

To qualify a rebel? You'll put down strangers,
Kill them, cut their throats, possess their houses,
And lead the majesty of law in liom,†

To slip him like a hound.

Linc. We'll be ruled by you, Master More, if you'll stand our friend to procure our pardon

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In its restrained power, its knowledge of the humours of a mob, its reverence for authority, this passage is entirely Shakespearean. It is most interesting, moreover, to see how by deletions, corrections, and additions in the MS. the first ideas and expressions of the poet were modified currente calamo. Mr Tucker Brooke in his useful edition points out how, after the words Make them your feet,' there was in the first draft a pause. Subsequently the writer added:

To kneel to be forgiven

Is safer wars than ever you can make,

Whose discipline is riot. Why even your wars

Cannot proceed but by obedience. What rebel captain . . .'

He then deleted the second 'wars,' substituting 'hurly'

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for it, and again for the half-line he wrote tentatively above, 'In, in to your obedience!' Not being able to complete this to his satisfaction, he finally cancelled the whole from the word 'forgiven,' and put instead 'Tell me but this.'

This whole scene is topical at the present day. It reveals the bitter feeling against the interpenetration of England by aliens in the 16th century. We have seen the same in our time. It serves to illustrate the account lately given by Mr Ian Colvin in his 'Hanseatic League' of a most ominous and instructive chapter in our history Though the style of 'Sir Thomas More' is less superficially brilliant and much more severe in cast, than we see in the splendid and masterful rhetoric of Edward III,' or the lyric grace and opulent eloquence of the 'Two Noble Kinsmen,' yet it is nearer the heart of the Shakespearean mystery.

A few words will suffice for the other apocryphal plays. Swinburne's advocacy of Arden of Faversham' has predisposed many to attribute this play to Shakespeare. Its merit might indeed justify the supposition, but a domestic tragedy, such as this is, based on an incident scarcely more than a generation old, stands outside the self-chosen range of Shakespeare's dramatic activity. Moreover, the early date (1592) of the play makes the Shakespeare authorship more than unlikely. Taking the metrical and other tests into considerationand in spite of American and native scoffers they cannot be ignored-it is impossible to suppose that a play, exhibiting the dramatic manner and versification of 'Arden,' could have been composed contemporaneously with Love's Labour's Lost' and' Romeo and Juliet.' The facts, indeed, on which the play is based are from Holinshed, to whom Shakespeare often had recourse. Arden, too, is a name which might have caught his attention; and this Arden had property in Warwickshire. It has been generally admitted, however, since Mr Crawford's monograph on the play, that the author was Kyd, who in virtue of this performance must take a high place among contemporary dramatists. But though Shakespeare did not write the play, he must have been influenced by it, more than we should have expected, for we seem to see his style in

'Intreat her fair; sweet words are fittest engines
To raze the flint walls of a woman's breast' (1, 1, 46).
'It is not love that loves to anger love' (III, 4, 58).
'What pity-moving words, what deep-fetcht sighs,
What grievous groans, what overlading woes
Accompanies this gentle gentleman!

Now will he shake his care-oppressed head,
Now fix his sad eyes on the sullen earth,*
Ashamed to gaze upon the open world;

Now will he cast his eyes up towards the heavens
Looking that ways for redress of wrong,
Sometime he seeketh to beguile his grief,
And tells a story with his careful tongue;
Then comes his wife's dishonour in his thoughts
And in the middle cutteth off his tale,
Pouring fresh sorrow on his weary limbs.
So woe-begone, so inly charg'd with woe
Was never any liv'd and bare it so' (III, 1, 41).

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The dream of Arden (III, 3, especially line 30) strongly recalls Clarence's dream; and there are some Shakespearean phrases such as 'killed my heart,' found in The Contention,' 'Edward IV,' and 'Henry V'; ''tis but early days'; 'taunting letter'; clean out of her books'; ' pricked-ear'd cur'; 'raven for a dove'; while the pun, bite... bitterly, appears in 'As you like it.' ‡

The Yorkshire Tragedy,' which is on a theme similar to that of 'Arden,' has been shown by the late Mr Dobell and others to be by Wilkins. Though ascribed to Shakespeare in the Quarto of 1608, it hardly contains ten lines which he could have written: such as are

'That Heaven should say we must not sin, and yet made woman!' (Sc. IV, 65).

'I see how Ruin with a palsy hand

Begins to shake the ancient seat to dust' (Sc. III, 99).

'That mortgage sits like a snaffle on my inheritance, and makes me chaw upon iron' (Sc. II, 50).

'Unkindness strikes a deeper wound than steel' (Sc. x, 13). 'O beggary, beggary, to what base uses dost thou put a man!'

* Cf. 'Sonnets,' 29, and 2 Henry VI,' 1, 2, 5.

+ 'Richard III,' 1, 4, 63.

(Sc. II, 55).

+ II, 7, 185.

Vol. 237.-No. 470.

B

In 'Locrine' (1595), which is almost certainly by Greene, in 'Mucedorus' (1598), a most successful but wretched play, in 'Sir John Oldcastle' (1600) (now known to be by Munday, Drayton, Wilson, and Hathaway *), which was written as a protest against the original use of Oldcastle's name for Falstaff's, and in 'Lord Cromwell' (1602), not a word of Shakespeare is to be found, though the first, second, and fourth were fathered on Shakespeare when published. The London Prodigal'† (1605), a Jonsonian play of 'humours,' has more merit, but, except for some Shakespearean tags, has no pretension to the name on its title-page. It contains not a line of real poetry. The Puritan Widow' (1607), of similar type, has a Shakespearean phrase or two and a reference to the ghost in Macbeth. The absurd and tedious play 'Fair Em' (1590), quoted by Greene twice in his 'Farewell to Folly,' is too early for Shakespeare, as well as too poor. The last two plays of the Apocrypha to be considered, The Merry Devil of Edmonton' (1604) and the 'Birth of Merlin' (of unknown date), stand on a different footing. The Merry Devil,' an excellent piece of work and full of humour, on the chivalry of love and friendship, must be pronounced not wholly unworthy of the high parentage ascribed to it. The best scene, the first

·

of Act IV, describing a hunt in Enfield Chase, is the most like Shakespeare's work, but there are fine passages elsewhere, e.g.

and,

The silent sable-visaged night

Casts her black curtain over all the world'

(Prologue 24),

'Oh that this soul, that cost so great a price
As the dear precious blood of her Redeemer,
Inspir'd with knowledge, should by that alone
Which makes a man so unto the Powers

Even lead him down into the depth of hell,

When men in their own pride strive to know more
Than man should know!' (Induction 42).

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Kirkman, the first publisher of the Birth of Merlin in 1662 attributed it, possibly from a lost quarto, to

Yet in this play Schlegel saw Shakespeare's best and maturest work! Madame de Chambrun rather rashly pronounces in favour of the genuineness of this apocryphal play.

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