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Delegates:

William D. Pawley, Ambassador to Brazil

Arthur H. Vandenberg, U. S. Senate

Tom Connally, U. S. Senate

Sol Bloom, U. S. House of Representatives

Warren R. Austin, Ambassador, U.S. Representative to the United Nations

Political Advisers:

Norman Armour, Assistant Secretary of State

William Dawson, Ambassador, Representative on the Governing Board of the Pan American Union

Walter J. Donnelly, U. S. Ambassador to Costa Rica

Advisers:

John C. Dreier, Chief, Division of Special Inter-American Affairs, Department of State

Marshall R. Greer, Rear Admiral, U.S.N., U. S. Delegate to the Inter-American Defense Board

Cecil B. Lyon, Special Assistant to the Assistant Secretary of State

Godwin Ordway, Jr., Colonel, U.S.A., War Department General Staff, War Department

M. B. Ridgway, Lieutenant General, U.S.A., U.S. Delegate to the Inter-American Defense Board

William Sanders, Associate Chief, Division of International Organization Affairs, Department of State

Otto P. Weyland, Major General, U.S.A., U.S. Delegate to the Inter-American Defense Board

Special Assistant to the Chairman of the Delegation:

Marshall S. Carter, Special Assistant to the Secretary of State

Secretary General:

Warren Kelchner, Chief, Division of International Conferences, Department of State

Special Assistants:

Frances E. Pringle, Division of International Conferences, Department of State Philip P. Williams, Second Secretary of Embassy, American Embassy, Buenos Aires

Press Relations Officer:

Michael J. McDermott, Special Assistant to the Secretary of State for Press Relations

Assistant:

Margaret J. Halden, Office of the Special Assistant to the Secretary of State Assistant Press Relations Officer:

David I. Penn, International Broadcasting Division, Department of State

Technical Secretary:

Ward Allen, Division of International Organization Affairs, Department of State
Assistant:

Margaret Moore, Division of Special Inter-American Affairs, Department of
State

Documents Officer:

Wesley Adams, Division of International Security Affairs, Department of State

Administrative Secretary:

Henry E. Allen, Division of International Conferences, Department of State

Secretaries:

Howard Chaille, Division of Communications and Records, Department of State
John Crimmins, Section Chief, Special Projects Staff, Department of State
Walter B. Gates, Office of Controls, Department of State

Guillermo Suro, Chief, Central Translating Division, Department of State
Administrative Assistants:

Seburn Baker, Division of Central Services, Department of State
Carmen Fox, Office of American Republic Affairs, Department of State

Interpreters-Translators:

Alexandre de Seabra, Central Translating Division, Department of State
Alvaro F. Galvan, Central Translating Division, Department of State
Frances M. Moeller, Central Translating Division, Department of State
Joseph A. Orozco, Central Translating Division, Department of State

Communications Officers:

James A. Wilder, Division of Communications and Records, Department of State Robert C. Surina, War Department

Staff:

Robert Brinkman

William M. Jones

Margaret L. Moran
Teresa E. Mullen

Elmer R. O'Neal

Mary Peck

Fiscal Clerk:

Luella Ollis, Division of International Conferences, Department of State

Stenographers:

Mildred J. Asbjornson

Metta Baker

Maria Cole

Barbara Eastment

Marion Johnston

Viola M. Keskinen

Josephine I. LaFlamme

Mary Mack

Dorothy Moore

Mary Louise Meyer

Marjorie Olive

Roberta Thompson

Mary Woolford

Mimeograph Operator:

Fielden McCloud

Uruguay

Chairman of the Delegation:

Mateo Marques Castro, Minister of Foreign Affairs

Delegates:

Alberto Dominguez Cámpora, Vice Chairman of the Delegation
Enrique E. Buero, Ambassador to Brazil

Leonel Aguirre, Former National Senator

Observers:

Major General Pedro Sicco

Rear Admiral Juan Angel Battione

Aides:

Eugenio Pérez Gargoroso

Venezuela

Chairman of the Delegation:

Carlos Morales, Minister of Foreign Affairs

Delegates:

Martín Perez Guevara, Representative in the National Assembly

José Desiderio Gomez Mora, Representative in the National Assembly

Domingo Alberto Rangel, Representative in the National Assembly

M. A. Falcón Briceño, Minister Counsellor of the Embassy in the United States of America

Eduardo Arroyo Lameda, Representative on the Inter-American Juridical Committee

Eduardo Plaza A., Juridical Consultant of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Santiago Perez Perez, Director of International Policy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Aureliano Otañez, Director of Economic Policy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Major Luis Felipe Llovera Páez, Assistant Chief of Staff

Major Raul Castro Gomez, Director of the Military School

Military Aide:

Lieutenant Colonel Ricardo Arroyo

Advisers:

Roberto Martinez Centeno

Second Lieutenant Espiritu Vivas Arellano

Secretaries:

Adrian Coll Reyna

Francisco Loreto Mayol

Raul Decanio F.

Representatives of the United Nations

Trygve Halvdan Lie, Secretary-General of the United Nations

Ambassador Benjamin Cohen, Assistant Secretary-General of the United Nations

Representatives of the Pan American Union

Alberto Lleras Camargo, Director General of the Pan American Union

Manuel Canyes, Chief of the Juridical Division of the Pan American Union

PART 3

Preparatory Documents

REPORT OF THE SPECIAL COMMITTEE OF THE
GOVERNING BOARD OF THE PAN AMERICAN UNION

Introduction.

Appointed To Analyze the Projects Submitted for the Inter-American Conference on the Maintenance of Continental Peace and Security

The undersigned Committee, appointed pursuant to the resolution approved by the Governing Board of the Pan American Union on April 10, 1946, to compare and analyze the projects submitted for the Rio de Janeiro Conference, in order to determine the points in which they are in accord and wherein they differ, have the honor to submit the present report. The report consists of two parts: the annex which contains a comparison of the texts of the various proposals arranged under the principal headings which emerge from an analysis of them; and the study itself which has been prepared on the basis of this comparison and which seeks to carry out the task assigned to the Committee.

An examination of the various proposals submitted reveals that the matters treated therein fall naturally into the following four major categories and the report there for follows this division:

I. Principles and Procedures of Pacific Settlement. II. Action in the Case of Threats or Acts of Aggression. III. Procedures and Agencies for the Execution of the Treaty. IV. The Preamble, Protocolary Articles and Miscellaneous Matters. In view of the fact that the approach taken in all the drafts has been to build upon both the Act of Chapultepec and the subsequently concluded Charter of the United Nations, each of the major sections of the report is prefaced by reference to the pertinent provisions of these two basic documents. At the end of each of the four sections the Committee has sought to raise in the form of observations the salient points which emerge from the analysis.

I PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES OF PACIFIC SETTLEMENT

Although the Preamble of the Act of Chapultepec contains reference to the adoption of specific means in the settlement of inter-American disputes, no provisions are included in the Act itself restating the

principle or setting out specific procedures of pacific settlement. However, Resolution XXXIX of the Mexico City Conference directed the Inter-American Juridical Committee to prepare a draft of an "Inter-American Peace System" which, after revision on the basis of comments from the Governments would be submitted to an "International Conference of American Jurists" to be convoked by the Governing Board of the Pan American Union.

The Charter of the United Nations does contain generally worded obligations to refrain from the use of force in any manner inconsistent with the Charter and to settle all disputes by peaceful means. The Charter likewise contains in Chapter VI provisions relating to procedures for pacific settlement and in Chapter VIII it is provided that regional arrangements and agencies may be utilized for the pacific settlement of disputes appropriate for regional action.

A. Reaffirmation of the Principles of Pacific Settlement and of the Repudiation of Force as an Instrument of National Policy.

All eight proposals contain articles reaffirming the general obligation to resort to pacific means for settling disputes and seven of the drafts expressly include a restatement of the concomitant obligation to refrain from the use of force except in self-defense or as determined by the United Nations.

These two obligations are most expressly spelled out in the Brazilian, United States, Mexican, Panamanian and Uruguayan drafts, all of which contain some expressed reference to the rights recognized and the obligations assumed under the United Nations Charter.

The comparable provision in the Bolivian draft is phrased as a repudiation of "war as an instrument of national policy". This is reflected in the Brazilian, Mexican and Panamanian drafts as a condemnation of "wars of aggression".

The Ecuadorean proposals choose the form of a confirmation by "the American Regional Organization" rather than by the individual states, of existing inter-American agreements which contain obligations for pacific settlement and repudiation of the use of force.

Both the Bolivian and Ecuadorean drafts also contain in their initial articles references to certain additional general principles. Some of these are similar to the above-mentioned obligations and some relate to the general rights and duties of States such as are contained in the various Declarations listed in Resolution IX of the Mexico City Conference.

B. Procedures for Pacific Settlement.

Two of the eight drafts, those of Bolivia and Ecuador, contain, in addition to the reaffirmation of principles mentioned above a series of

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