...Joint Resolution of both Houses of the US Congress authorizes President Bush to use 'All necessary an appropriate force against those nations, organizations,...authorized, committed, or aided the terrorist attacks ..., or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international...

...2001, is cited as 107 Public Law 40; 115 Statutes 224, and provides: That the President is authorized to use all necessary and appropriate force against...terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism...

...the House and Senate passed joint resolutions, SJ Res. 23 and HJ Res. 64, authorizing the President to "use all necessary and appropriate force against...terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism...

...terrorist threat. 13 For its part, Congress passed a joint resolution that authorized the President to "use all necessary and appropriate force against...terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism...

...the House and Senate passed joint resolutions, SJ Res. 23 and HJ Res. 64, authorizing the President to "use all necessary and appropriate force against...terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism...

...64, passed on September 14 just after the terrorist attack, states that, "The president is authorized to use all necessary and appropriate force against...committed or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on Sept. 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons." From all that we know at present, Iraq...

...Resolution, the key operative language is contained in Section 2(a) which authorizes the President "to use all necessary and appropriate force against...committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on Sept 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international...

...using military tribunals for this purpose). 3r' 354 US at 21. 3B317 US at 26 (emphasis added). essary and appropriate force against those nations, organizations,...committed, or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on Sept. 11, 2001," it has not formally declared a state of war to exist. Perhaps even more important...

...open-ended authority under the War Powers Act to use force, not only against nations but against any "organizations, or persons he determines planned,...terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such organizations or persons, in order to prevent any future acts of international terrorism...

...international terrorists and terrorist organizations, including those nations, organizations or persons who planned, authorized, committed or aided the terrorist attacks that occurred on September 11, 2001, or harbored such persons or organizations; Whereas the President has authority under the Constitution...