he, heo, hit; there from the dative feminine sin- Derivation gular of that, Anglo-Saxon.

Note.-Whilom and seldom are also datives like here and there. Hence and whence are derived from he and who.

Where from the same case of Anglo-Saxon who; when from the accusative masculine singular of the same pronoun.

Than and then from the same case of the Anglo-Saxon that.

Why from the ablative or instrumental case of who. How, thus, and so are also formed from ablatives.

III. From adjectives :

of adverbs. From pronouns:

(1.) By adding -ly; as happily from happy; From darkly from dark.

(2.) By adding -wise; as, crosswise from

cross.

(3.) By adding -way; as, straightway from straight.

(4.) By adding -ways; as, always from all. (5.) By affixing -ce to the numeral adjectives; as, once from one; twice from two.

Once, twice, and thrice are genitives of one, two, three.

adjectives.

Prepositions are derived from nouns and Derivation

verbs.

From nouns and verbs :-
:-

From, from the Anglo-Saxon frum=a beginning.

of

preposition.

Derivation of prepositions.

Derivation of conjunctions.

=

Save is the imperative of the verb to save.
Down is the past participle of dufian to dip.
With from the imperative of withan to join.
Through from dauro = a door.

=

For further particulars see Horne Tooke's "Diversions of Purley."

The following prepositions are of Latin origin :

During, from durans, present participle of duro to last.

Concerning, from con= together, and cernens= perceiving.

Respecting, from the verb respect, derived from the Latin respicio to look back.

Conjunctions are derived from verbs.

If is the imperative of gifan = to give.

Composi

tion of

nouns.

=

stellan to put.

eacan to add.

getan to get.

Compound nouns are formed from two nouns, a verb and a noun, an adjective and a noun, an adverb and verb, and an adverb and noun.

Nouns compounded of two nouns pear-tree, court-yard, arm-chair, copy-book. Of a verb and a noun: lode-star, chap-man, turn-stile, sealing-wax. Of an adjective and noun: black

tion of

bird, sooth-sayer, blue-bell. Of an adverb and Composiverb: wel-come, mis-fit. Of an adverb and nouns.

noun: after-thought.

Adjectives are compounded of nouns adjectives, adjectives and verbs, adverbs adjectives, and adverbs and verbs.

Of nouns and adjectives; as, cheer-ful, aimless.

Of adjectives and verbs; as, pale-faced, tightlaced.

Of adverbs and adjectives; as, un-happy, up-right.

Of adverbs and verbs; as, mis-shapen, outspoken.

tion of

Verbs are compounded of prepositions and Composiverbs, adverbs and verbs, nouns and verbs. verbs. Of prepositions and verbs; as, up-hold, under-stand, out-run.

Of adverbs and verbs; as, mistake, unfold.

Of nouns and verbs; as, backbite, hamstring. Such words as the following are faulty, as Hybridism they are hybrids :

Demi-god, compounded of a Latin and Saxon word; hero-worship, of a Greek and Saxon word.

in compounds.

ANOMALOUS DERIVATIVES.

derivatives.

Songstress has two feminine affixes, the Anomalous -ster and -ess. Besides it is a hybrid formation, Songstress. the -ess being of Latin origin, and the rest of the word of Saxon.

Seamstress is in exactly the same predica- Seamstress.

ment.

derivatives.

Anomalous Brethren has two changes to form the plural, the change of the vowel o of brother, and the affix -en.

Brethren.

Children.

Its.

Am.

Anomalous compounds.

Latin prefixes.

Children has two plural affixes, the -er and -en, being derived from child.

Its has two signs of case, the -t of the neuter nominative and the -s of the possessive.

Am is peculiar, as the -m is no part of the verb, but the pronoun me affixed to the root.

In Wednesday the s may be either the sign of the possessive case, as Woden's day, or merely the connecting particle. So also in sportsman, huntsman.

In blackamoor and nightingale the a and in are merely connecting particles.

The following is a list of the chief Latin and Greek prepositions that enter into the composition of English words :

:

A, ab, signifying, from; as, avert, absolve. Ad, to; as, admit, admire. The -d of ad is often assimilated to the letter next following; as, attend, applaud, assume.

Ante, before; as, antecedent, anticipate.

Circum, around; as, circumvent, circumference. Con, together; as, consort, conjoin. The n of con is often assimilated to the letter next following; as, collect, compel, commit, collusion.

Contra, against; as, contravene, contradict.
De, down from; as, deride, deter, detain.
Dis or di, away from; as, dissolve, divert.
E or ex, out of; as, exclaim, expend, elude.
Extra, beyond; as, extraordinary, extradi-
tion.

In (prefixed to a verb), into; as, infuse, in- Composi

ject.

In (prefixed to an adjective), not; as, inconstant, incompetent. The n of in is often assimilated to the consonant next succeeding; as, illegal, implicate, immoral, irrelevant.

Inter, between; as, interrupt, intercept.
Intro, within; as, introspect, introduce.

Ob, against; as, object, obvious. The b of ob is often assimilated to the following consonant; as, occur, offer, oppose.

Per, through; as, perfume, perspicuous.

Præ, before; as, prevent, prepare.

Pro, forth; as, project, propose.

Re, again; as, return, reconsider.

Retro, backwards; as, retrogression, retrospect.

Se, apart; as, separate, select.

Sub, under; as, subsoil, submerge. The b of sub is often assimilated to the following consonant: as, succour, support.

Super, over; as, superintend, supernatural.

Trans, beyond; as, transgress, transfer.

tion. Latin

prefixes.

A (an before a vowel), not; as, apathy, an- Greck

archy.

Amphi, both; amphibious, amphitheatre.

Ana, up; as, anatomy, analysis.

Anti, against; as, antidote, antipathy.
Apo, from; as, apostrophe, apostasy.
Arch, chief; as, archbishop, architect.
Auto, self; as, autograph, autocrat.
Cata, down; as, cataract, catastrophe.
Dia, through; as, diameter, diaphanous.

prefixes.