Senator FERGUSON. They have had it for many weeks and months. You say you have lost how many people?

Mr. MEYER. Fourteen girls in 6 weeks.

Senator FERGUSON. They should be able to solve it in a few days. They know what is going on. We are getting it here every day in hearings.

Mr. WILBER. We have actually negotiated arrangements with a number of agencies on a cooperative basis to minimize the proselyting, but there are no regulations that we can bring to bear and we have no authority over the employees' decisions as to where they wish to work. Senator FERGUSON. But they cannot get a transfer without Civil Service approval, can they?

Mr. MEYER. They can but if they do they lose their reemployment rights in the State Department.

EXPLANATION OF "SOCIAL AFFAIRS"

Chairman MCKELLAR. What are the "social affairs" in that item there?

Mr. HICKERSON. Senator, that office handles economic and social affairs. Social affairs relate to removal of discriminations, working on the Covenant of Human Rights under the United Nations to guarantee civil rights corresponding to our Bill of Rights, to people everywhere.

Chairman McKELLAR. Then this is foreign.

Mr. HICKERSON. Yes, sir. It is all in the UN.

Chairman MCKELLAR. It is all in the United Nations and, as I understand it, this is to put people on a higher social level in other countries than they are at the present time.

Mr. HICKERSON. Try to help bring them up to our level.

Chairman McKELLAR. Have you brought any of them up to our level? This thing surprises me, it horrifies me. This expenditure of the people's money is just horrifying.

Mr. HICKERSON. If we can do some good toward getting political rights in other countries, under a covenant of human rights corresponding to our Bill of Rights, the modest expenditure, I think, would have been very well spent.

Senator MCCARRAN. The "modest" expenditure?

Mr. HICKERSON. Yes.

Senator FERGUSON. You do not think you are going to change these people, do you?

Mr. HICKERSON. We have to keep trying.

Senator FERGUSON. You do not have to keep trying.

Mr. HICKERSON. Well, you can't give up.

Senator FERGUSON. Show us where you have changed them. You do not think they can come over here and change us, do you?

Mr. HICKERSON. No, sir.

Senator FERGUSON. Then why do you think we can go and change them?

Mr. HICKERSON. Through the United Nations we try to help them help themselves, sir.

Senator FERGUSON. Sure, help themselves; but they know what they

want.

Have you ever found any place where you could sell them one idea that we have here in our form of government? What are you doing along that line?

Mr. HICKERSON. Our form of government has been copied in a number of countries.

Senator FERGUSON. Where?

Mr. HICKERSON. In Australia, to a considerable extent.
Senator FERGUSON. No.

Senator MCCARRAN. Not since you set up this program.
Mr. HICKERSON. No, sir; not since we set up this program.
Senator MCCARRAN. It came in there of its own accord.
Mr. HICKERSON. Yes; in a number of countries.

Senator ELLENDER. Do the other countries furnish any employees for the Office of Economic and Social Affairs?

Mr. HICKERSON. This is our own staff, sir, to handle our work in the United Nations. Each country has sufficient staff as it considers wise. All countries have some staff working on this subject.

There is a large amount of work in this field in the United Nations. Senator ELLENDER. Do you know the total amount that is spent on economic and social affairs by the United Nations?

Mr. HICKERSON. I can get that and put it in the record.

Senator ELLENDER. I mean all other countries.

Mr. HICKERSON. On their own staff, sir.

Senator ELLENDER. Yes.

Mr. HICKERSON. No, sir; I do not have that. I can get it and put it in the record, put in the amount that the United Nations itself spends on these programs.

Senator ELLENDER. Would you be able to tell us what proportion, percentagewise, of all the expenses is borne by the United States?

COST OF UNITED STATES PARTICIPATION IN UN

Mr. HICKERSON. Yes, sir. In the United Nations, 38.91 percent is borne by the United States.

Chairman MCKELLAR. We appropriate also for the New York Office for Economic and Social Affairs. How much do they spend?

Mr. HICKERSON. They do not have any duplication of the staff. We supply all of the technical work and the instructions to enable our people to carry on our work in the United Nations.

Senator FERGUSON. You have 35 concoctors here.

Mr. HICKERSON. That is correct.

- Senator FERGUSON. Just concocting some scheme that you are going to use to try to reform the world.

Mr. HICKERSON. No, sir. That covers economic affairs, the removal of discriminations.

Senator McCARRAN. What is that?

Senator ELLENDER. What does that mean?

Mr. HICKERSON. Trade discriminations through the United Nations. Senator ELLENDER. How about racial discrimination?

Mr. HICKERSON. No, sir.

Chairman MCKELLAR. We appropriate money for them.

Mr. HICKERSON. But we handle that for them, sir.

Senator MCCARRAN. Again I come back to the same thing. The committee should know that these items that we are now considering

are not really in the United Nations at all, but in the Office of the Secretary of State here in Washington.

Mr. HICKERSON. That is correct, sir.

Senator MCCARRAN. So, we do not have the United Nations in on it. Mr. HICKERSON. That is correct.

Senator FERGUSON. You see, we are spending $1,300,000 right here in the Office before we get up to the United Nations.

Mr. HICKERSON. That is right, sir.

Chairman McKELLAR. As an illustration, the $1,140,500 is almost exactly the same amount spent in the United Nations.

Mr. HICKERSON. That is right.

Chairman MCKELLAR. It just looks like a duplication of offices. That is all there is to it.

Mr. HICKERSON. I assure you there is no duplication, Senator.

Senator FERGUSON. You have an agency down here and you have the Austin staff in New York. Then you have an agency in the field doing the work.

Mr. HICKERSON. Senator Austin's staff is our field agency for this work.

Senator FERGUSON. But that is only in New York.

Mr. HICKERSON. That is right.

Senator FERGUSON. What about the field? You are trying to reform the people.

Mr. HICKERSON. No, sir. That is, the United Nations sends out field missions. We do not send our staffs under this.

Senator FERGUSON. But you have appointees to that staff doing the work down in Indonesia.

Mr. HICKERSON. That is all done by the United Nations, sir.
Senator FERGUSON. Yes, but we are paying that bill.

Mr. HICKERSON. We are paying our share of it.

Senator FERGUSON What is our share of it?

Mr HICKERSON. 38.91 percent, sir.

Senator MCCARRAN. The United Nations has a field staff of its own;

is that not correct?

Mr. HICKERSON. That is correct.

Senator MCCARRAN. To which we contribute.

Mr. HICKERSON. That is correct.

Senator MCCARRAN. Going back to your statement that we are trying to raise these people to our level, that is done through the United Nations; is that not right?

Mr. HICKERSON. In part, sir; yes.

Senator MCCARRAN. And the United Nations is composed of a number of nations.

Mr. HICKERSON. Sixty nations.

Senator MCCARRAN. And none of those 60 nations has the same standard that we have.

Mr. HICKERSON. That is correct, sir. We are working toward that as a goal, sir.

Senator FERGUSON. I wish you would point out someday to me what we have really done and what has been adopted to the end of reforming the world. I am looking for it. I have seen it tried in some of our places here.

OFFICE OF POLITICAL AND SECURITY AFFAIRS

Senator MCCARRAN. Coming now to the United Nations Office of Political and Security Affairs, what does that mean? What do those words "political" and "security" mean there?

Mr. HICKERSON. The security affairs relate to international security, Mr. Chairman; that is, colletive steps against aggression.

It does not relate to security as we use it here, about loyalty; it is security in the broad sense. We are trying to take the leadership in building a collective system of security that we hope ultimately will really work.

Senator MCCARRAN. Your answer up to this point just is not an answer at all. I mean by "security" in this respect. Can you get it down to where we can understand it?

Mr. HICKERSON. The United States has taken the leadership, Mr. Chairman, in trying to get the United Nations developed into an organization whereby nations can pool their forces if there is aggression which menaces all of them. The Charter was designed with that in view, and the Charter has been frustrated by the abuse of the veto by the Soviet Union.

Senator MCCARRAN. Are you speaking of the United Nations Charter?

Mr. HICKERSON. Yes, sir.

Senator MCCARRAN. And it has been frustrated by abuse?

Mr. HICKERSON. By abuse of the veto.

Last year Secretary Acheson proposed a plan under which, if the Security Council could not act in the event of aggression, the General Assembly could meet on 24 hours' notice and take such action as it considered wise to enable those countries who wished to take collective action to do it.

Senator MCCARRAN. How did that come into existence, or how could it, in view of the United Nations Charter? Why did it not run counter to the provisions of the United Nations Charter?

Mr. HICKERSON. No, sir; it did not. The United Nations Charter clearly recognized that the General Assembly had important responsibilities in keeping the peace, and you will find running throughout the United Nations Charter recognition of that.

It is true that the Charter provided that the primary responsibility for keeping the peace should rest with the Security Council, but it did not provide that exclusively responsibiliy should be there.

Senator MCCARRON. Is that what you mean by "security"?
Mr. HICKERSON. Yes, sir.

Senator MCCARRAN. As the term is used here?

Mr. HICKERSON. That is correct, sir.

In this office we do the spadework. We prepared the first draft of the Acheson plan Uniting for Peace.

We are taking our role of leadership in the Collective Measures Committee set up under that resolution, whereby we continue this study to see what free nations, who want to remain free, can do to pool their efforts in the common good when the General Assembly finds there is a reasonable necessity.

80513-51-pt. 1—68

DEFINITION OF "POLITICAL AFFAIRS"

The phrase "political affairs" relates to the settlement of disputes between countries which have not yet reached the fighting stage. Under that, the Office of United Nations Political Affairs prepares the position of the United States with regard to such disputes as Kashmir, between India and Pakistan, and in regard to Palestine and in regard to Greece and Indonesia.

It takes in the whole range of peaceful settlement of disputes which have not reached the fighting stage.

Senator MCCARRAN. Did this department have anything to do with the recent note sent by the President to Iran with regard to the oil dispute?

Mr. HICKERSON. No, sir. That was done by the Office of Near Eastern Affairs. The Iran oil dispute has not reached the United Nations.

Senator MCCARRAN. I have not grasped your meaning of "security affairs" yet. I would like to have you go further into that, if you please.

You are asking for an additional $10,000 here.

Mr. HICKERSON. Yes, sir. That is two positions. That is an officer and a stenographer.

Senator MCCARRAN. You have 30 positions now. Mr. HICKERSON. We have 30 positions now, sir. This Office has carried a tremendous burden of work during the past year. Senator MCCARRAN. Can you tell us what it does?

WORK WITH REFERENCE TO KOREA

Mr. HICKERSON. It is in this Office, sir, that our work in regard to Korea is centered, the United Nations aspects of that work.

Senator MCCARRAN. What is your work with reference to Korea? Mr. HICKERSON. We drafted the resolutions, sir, which Senator Austin introduced in the Security Council.

Senator MCCARRAN. Is that all you did as concerns the security affairs? What else did you do besides carry a tremendous volume of work? Let us have it and see what it means.

Mr. HICKERSON. We drafted the plan, the actual plan "Uniting for Peace," which was adopted by the General Assembly last year. We handled all aspects of the Kashmir dispute, the Palestine dispute.

Senator FERGUSON. We have not settled anything in Kashmir as yet. Mr. HICKERSON. We are still trying. The Security Council drafted recently a resolution which we helped write and cosponsor, to send out eight representatives to have another trial, and Dr. Graham is going.

Senator FERGUSON. According to the basis on which you are employing these people, how many people would you need to run the Appropriations Committee of the Senate? I am just wondering. You have 30 in this department. Do you know how many we have?

Mr. HICKERSON. No, sir; I don't know that.

Senator FERGUSON. You tell me sometime how many you would need to have to run this Appropriations Committee. You have 30 in this department.