the area wherein the airfield is located. Where such individual permission to land elsewhere than at an airport of entry is granted, the collector of customs is required to notify the local officer of the Public Health Service, Immigration and Naturalization Service, and any other agency likely to be concerned with the landing.

INCREASE IN ALIENS SEEKING UNITED STATES ENTRY

Mr. MACKEY. Now, as I stated, last year our immigration officers boarded 60,000 arriving ships and 87,000 aircraft. As in the past five postwar years, the trend in entries is still upward. The increase in 1950 over 1949 was approximately two and a half million entries. In my judgment, the trend will continue upward for the following

reasons:

First, the international situation today is more acute than it was in 1938 and 1939 when unrest in a more limited area abroad caused many additional thousands of aliens and United States citizens to seek entry into the United States. Additional ships are being placed in service on the east coast for the European trade, and in connection with the global defense it is only logical to assume that hundreds more, particularly cargo ships, will be placed in service for transportation of goods abroad.

ALIEN LABORERS

Under an Executive agreement now outstanding between the United States and Mexico, 80,000 Mexican laborers were inspected and admitted during the past year for temporary agricultural employment in the United States. It is anticipated upon the basis of increased production goals that have been set and that are contemplated by the Department of Agriculture, that 400,000 alien farm laborers will be needed in the United States during this year.

Senator MCCARRAN. They will come in from Mexico and from the Gulf islands, will they not?

Mr. MACKEY. Yes, sir; that is right, from the Bahamas.
Senator MCCARRAN. The Caribbean Islands?

Mr. MACKEY. Yes, sir. It is believed that it can reasonably be expected that immigration officers will be required to inspect perhaps 600,000 alien laborers in order to obtain a working force of 400,000. I repeat, that the trend in entries is definitely strongly upward.

DEPARTURE CONTROL

In addition to inspection of persons applying for admission to the United States, there is the additional not insignificant problem of departure control.

While it has not been considered necessary up to this point-and we are not yet contemplating full-scale departure control at ports of entry and departure, as was undertaken under World War II, the Service has partially resumed departure control, to the extent possible with its limited personnel available for this purpose, to bolster internal security. I believe it is fair to estimate that we may be called upon at any moment to place into effect complete departure control at all ports of entry. Such a development would, of course, require additional officers, for which no estimate is made in this budget.

BORDER CROSSING CARDS

Thousands of cards are issued normally during each year to alien nonresident border crossers. The Service is at this time faced with the problem of immediate responsibility of reexamining as many as perhaps 200,000 alien holders of these border crossing cards, in order to determine whether they are now entitled to admission to the United States, with particular reference to the Internal Security Act of 1950, and the issuance of new cards to as many as are found eligible.

NUMBER OF ALIENS EXPELLED IN 1950

There has been a progressive increase over the last several years in the total number of aliens expelled from the United States. Last year a peak of 579,105 was reached, which was almost double the previous year and which is 50 times the number expelled from this country only 10 years ago.

Senator FERGUSON. When you use the words "expelled from," what do you mean?

Mr. MACKEY. That would be enforced departure from the United States.

Senator FERGUSON. Do you mean deported?

Mr. MACKEY. No. Many of these came from the Mexican border, Senator, and were what we call the wetbacks from Mexico who were apprehended along the southern border, either working on ranches or on the highways, by our border patrol.

Now, we do not have the manpower to give them hearings.
Senator FERGUSON. How many were actually deported?

Mr. MACKEY. Actually deported to Mexico?

Senator FERGUSON. No; to all the countries together.

Mr. MACKEY. That is, all classes, Senator?

ALIEN DEPORTATIONS

Senator FERGUSON. Yes. How many were actually deported?
Mr. MACKEY. That number is 6,628.

Senator FERGUSON. What was the number the previous year?
Mr. MACKEY. That was 20,040.

Senator MCCARRAN. That was the number actually deported now? Mr. MACKEY. Senator, excuse me, please. It was 6,628 last year and 20,040 the previous year.

Senator FERGUSON. How do you account for that great difference? Mr. MACKEY. That is to say, during 1950, 6,628 were deported; during 1949, 20,040 were deported; during 1948, 20,371 were deported. Senator FERGUSON. How do you account for the great difference? Mr. MACKEY. The difference in these figures here?

Senator FERGUSON. Yes.

Senator KILGORE. The difference between the 6,000 and the 20,000. Senator FERGUSON. What happened?

Mr. MACKEY. Mr. Kelly, the Assistant Commissioner, will answer, He is in charge of the enforcement division.

Mr. KELLY. Because of the tremendous rise in the illegal entry of Mexicans, and because of our total inability to handle them all in formal deportation proceedings, in 1949, in May, we got out instruction

to all of our Mexican border districts, to the effect that they should not put them under formal deportation proceedings unless they were very aggravated cases, and had four previous violations.

They picked them up, but not under the formal deportation proceedings, and those people were required to depart and were put out of the United States.

Senator FERGUSON. Will you supply for the record the figures as to all of those, outside of Mexicans, where that new rule went into effect? Mr. KELLY. Are you referring to the Sung decision?

Senator FERGUSON. I want to know how many people were deported in 1948, 1949, and 1950 outside of those to Mexico?

Mr. KELLY. Yes, sir.

Senator MCCARRAN. The bulk of the deportations seems to have affected Mexicans?

Mr. KELLY. That is correct.

Senator MCCARRAN. People crossing the Mexican border?

Mr. KELLY. That is correct. Out of 20,000 for 1949, the majority were Mexicans.

Senator MCCARRAN. How many were deported aside from the Mexicans.

Mr. KELLY. I think we will have to get that figure.

Senator MCCARRAN. I wish you would, and insert it in the record. (The information requested is as follows:)

Senator KILGORE. Now, the 6,000 were actually deportation pro

ceedings, were they?

Mr. KELLY. Yes, sir.

NUMBER OF MEXICAN EXPELLEES

Senator KILGORE. And there were additional people who were put back into Mexico, for instance, in addition to that number?

Mr. KELLY. Over 500,000.

Senator FERGUSON. How many?

Mr. KELLY. Over 500,000.

Senator KILGORE. I would like to have those figures for the record. Senator FERGUSON. You say that over 500,000 were put back into Mexico without deportation proceedings?

Mr. WININGS. That was under threat of deportation, of course, the threat of deportation proceedings.

In other words, the individual was apprehended, arrested, and then was given the choice of either departing or going through the formal proceedings.

Senator FERGUSON. But you put 500,000 people back into Mexico?

Mr. WININGS. As many, of course, as would accept the voluntary departure under pressure, we allowed to go, rather than spend the money and time necessary for formal, lengthy proceedings.

Senator FERGUSON. I am not criticizing you for taking them back over the border.

Senator KILGORE. As I understand it, a great number of these are not Mexicans, as we understand Mexicans. Are there not a lot of Chinese who come in that way, and Europeans, who come in that way? Mr. MACKEY. Yes, it is possible.

Senator KILGORE. I wonder what number of those who are not Mexican natives, but who have come in by way of Mexico, you have apprehended?

Mr. MACKEY. Following my statement off the record, I will supply the figures for the record.

(The information requested is as follows:)

Number of non-Mexican aliens apprehended following their illegal entry via the Mexican border, fiscal year 1950 and the first 6 months of fiscal year 1951

EASE OF BORDER CROSSINGS FROM MEXICO

Senator FERGUSON. If you were an alien and wanted to come into this country illegally, what country would you go to? You would not go to Canada?

Mr. MACKEY. I would go to Mexico.

Senator FERGUSON. Some of these 500,000 that you sent back to Mexico came back here; did they not?

Mr. MACKEY. Many of them come back across the river again; that is true.

Senator MCCARRAN. Gentlemen, we will have to pause here.

Mr. MACKEY. You see, Senator, the Mexican side of the border is just as fertile as the American side: and the Mexican ranches along the border produce as much as the American ranches do. They also need labor. So most of these people have been coming from the interior of Mexico because Mexico itself will not permit those who are working on the border to come to the American side.

Senator KILGORE. Well, as a matter of fact, in eastern Mexico, in Coahuila, and states of that kind, you have much more fertile land south of the border than you do have north of the border.

Mr. MACKEY. Yes; that is true.

Senator KILGORE. As a matter of fact, we used to fatten a lot of our cattle there after World War I.

Senator MCCARRAN. Gentlemen, we will recess now, until 10 o'clock tomorrow morning.

(Whereupon, at 12 noon, Wednesday, March 7, 1951, the subcommittee recessed to convene at 10 a. m., Thursday, March 8, 1951.)