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by the waters of Maggeddo. But these authors, and with them Stella, give it no other name than the torrent so called.

But seeing that ancient cosmographers stretch out the bounds of Phoenicia even to Sebaste, or Samaria, and Strabo far beyond it on the sea-coast; and Josephus calls Cæsarea Palæstinæ a city of Phoenicia; yea, Laurentius Corvinus extendeth Phoenicia as far as Gaza: seeing also Ptolomy sets down Chorseus for the partition of Phoenicia and Judæa, this river running east and west parallel with Samaria; it is very probable that this torrent called Maggeddo, after the name of the city which it watereth, is the same which Ptolomy, in his 4th table of Asia, calleth Chorseus. The later travellers of the Holy Land call Maggeddo Subimbre at this day.

§. 2.

Of Cæsarea Palæstinæ, and some other towns. FROM Maggeddo towards the west, and near the Mediterranean sea, was that glorious city of Cæsarea Palæstina; first, the tower of Straton, the same which Pliny calls Apollonia; though Ptolomy sets Apollonia elsewhere, and towards Egypt, between this city and Joppe, to which Vespasian gave the name of Flavia Colonia. It was by Herod rebuilt, who therein laboured to exceed all the works in that part of the world; for besides the edifices, which he reared within the walls, of cut and polished marbles, the theatre and amphitheatre, from whence he might look over the seas far away, with the high and stately towers and gates, he forced a harbour of great capacity, being in former times but an open bay; and the wind blowing from the sea, the merchants, haunting that port, had no other hope but in the strength of their cables and anchors. This work he performed with such charge and labour, as the like of that kind hath not been found in any kingdom, nor in any age; which, because the materials were fetched from far, and the weight of the stones was such as it exceedeth belief, I have added Josephus's own words of this work, which are these: e Strab. 1. 16. Joseph. 1. 15. c. 13. Niger.

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f Hanc locorum incommoditatem correcturus, circulum portus circumduxit, quantum putaret magnæ classi recipienda sufficere: et in viginti ulnarum profundum, prægrandia saxa demisit: quorum pleraque pedum quinquaginta longitudinis, latitudinis vero octodecim, altitudine novem-pedali: fuerunt quædam etiam majora, minora alia; " To mend "this inconvenience of place," saith Josephus," he compassed in a bay wherein a great fleet might well ride, and "let down great stones twenty fathom deep, whereof some "were fifty foot long, eighteen foot broad, and nine foot " thick ; some bigger and some lesser." To this he added an arm or causeway of 200 foot long to break the waves; the rest he strengthened with a stone wall, with divers stately towers thereon builded; of which the most magnificent he called Drusus, after the name of Drusus the son-in-law of Cæsar, in whose honour he entitled the city itself, Cæsarea of Palæstine; all which he performed in twelve years' time. It was the first of the eastern cities that received a bishop; afterwards erected into an archbishopric, commanding twenty others under it, saith & Tyrius.

St. Jerome nameth Theophilus, Eusebius, Acacius, Euzorus, and Gelasius, to have been bishops thereof. In this city was Cornelius the centurion baptized by St. Peter; and herein dwelt Philip the apostle. St. Paul was herein two years prisoner, under the president Felix, unto the time and government of Porcius Festus; by whom, making his appeal, he was sent to Cæsar. Here, when Herod Agrippa was passing on to celebrate the quinquennalia, taking delight to be called a god by his flatterers, he was stricken by an angel unto death, saith Josephus.

To the north of Cæsarea standeth Dóra, or Naphoth Dor, as some read, Josh. i. 2. so called, saith Adrichomius, because it joineth to the sea, whose king was slain by Joshua. But Junius, for in Naphoth Dor, reads in tractibus Dor; and so the Vulgar, in regionibus Dor, although 1 Kings iv. 11. for the like speech in the Hebrew it readeth omnis Nephath Dor; the Septuagint in the place of Joshua call it Nepheth* Lib. 14. c. 12. Bell. Sacr.

f Joseph. 1. 15. c. 13.

Dor, and in the other of the Kings, Nepha-Dor; but the true name by other places (as Josh. xii. 23. Judg. i. 27.) may seem to be Dor. It was a strong and powerful city, and the fourth in account of those twelve principalities or sitarchies which Solomon erected, Junius upon Macc. xv. 11. placeth it between the hill Carmel and the mouth of the river Cherseus; for so some name the river Chorseus, of which we have spoken already.

Into this city, for the strength thereof, Tryphon fled from Antiochus the son of Demetrius, where he was by the same Antiochus besieged with 120,000 footmen, and 8,000 horse: the same perfidious villain that received 200 talents for the ransom of Jonathanh Macchabæus, (whom he had taken by treachery,) and then slew him; and after him slew his own master, usurping for a while the kingdom of Syria. It had also a bishop's seat of the diocese of Cæsarea.

From Cæsarea towards the south they place the cities of Capernaum, Gabe, and Galgal; for, besides that Capernaum famous in the Evangelists, they find in these parts, near the west sea, another of the same name. Of Gabe, Jerome in locis Hebraicis. The famous Galgal, or Gilgal, was in Benjamin; but this Gilgal they say it was whose king was slain by Joshua.

Then Antipatris, so called of Herod in honour of his father; but in the time of the k Macchabees it was called Capharsalama, in the fields whereof Judas Macchabæus overthrew a part of the army of Nicanor, lieutenant to Demetrius; an army drawn into Judæa by a traitorous Jew, called Alcimus; who contended for the priesthood, first under Bacchides, and then under Nicanor. To this was St. Paul carried prisoner from Jerusalem, conducted by 470 soldiers to defend him from the fury of the Jews. In aftertimes the army of Godfrey of Bulloign attempted it in vain; yet was it taken by Baldwin. It was honoured in those days with a bishop's seat, but it is now a poor village, called Assur, saith Brochard. Near unto this city the prophet Jonas was three days preserved in the body of a whale.

h1 Macc. xiii. 24. i Gul. Tyr. de Bell. Sac. 1. 10. c. 6. k 1 Macc. vii. 31.

Into the land, from Antipatris and Cæsarea, standeth Narbata, whereof the territory taketh name; which Cestius the Roman wasted with fire and sword, because the Jews which dwelt at Cæsarea fled thence, and carried with them the books of Moses. Near unto it is the mountain of Abdia, the steward of king Achab, wherein he hid an hundred prophets, and fed them; after which he himself is said to have obtained from God the spirit of prophecy also.

CHAP. VIII.

Of the kingdom of Phoenicia.

SECT. I.

The bounds, and chief cities, and founders, and name of this kingdom; and of the invention of letters ascribed to them.

BECAUSE these five tribes, of Asher, Nephtalim, Zabulon, Issachar, and the half of Manasseh, possessed the better part of that ancient kingdom of Phoenicia, to wit, of so much as lay to the south part of Anti-libanus, I have therefore gathered a brief of those kings which have governed therein; at least so many of them as time (which devoureth all things) hath left to posterity: and that the rest have perished, it is not strange; seeing so many volumes of excellent learning in so long a race and revolution, and in so many changes of estates and conquests of heathen princes, have been torn, cast away, or otherwise consumed.

The limits of this kingdom, as touching the south parts, are very uncertain; but all cosmographers do in effect agree that it takes beginning from the north, where that part of Syria which is called Casiotis ends; most of them bounding it by Orthosia to the north of Tripolis. Ptolomy makes it a little larger, as reaching from the river Eleutherus that falls into the sea at the island of Aradus, somewhat to the north of Orthosia, and stretching from thence along the coast of the Mediterranean sea, as far as the river of Chorseus; which seems to be that which the Jews call the tor1 Ptol. 4. Tab. Asiæ.

RALEGH, HIST. WORLD. VOL. II.

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rent, or river of Maggeddo. Pliny extends it further, and comprehends Joppe within it; Corvinus and Budæus, Joppe and Gaza: Phoenicia apud priscos appellata, saith Budæus, quæ nunc Palæstina Syriæ dicitur; " It was called "Phoenicia of old," saith he, "which now is called Palæstina "of Syria."

n Strabo comprehends in this country of Phoenicia all the sea-side of Judæa and Palæstina, even unto Pelusium, the first port of Egypt. On the contrary, Diodorus Siculus foldeth it up in Coelesyria, which he boundeth not. But for myself I take a middle course, and like best of Ptolomy's description, who was seldom deceived in his own art. It had in it these famous maritimate cities, (besides all those of the islands,) to wit, Aradus, Orthosia, Tripolis, Botrys, Byblus, Berytus, Sidon, Tyre, Ptolomais, (or Acon,) Dora, and Cæsarea Palæstina: and by reason of the many ports and goodly sea-towns, it anciently commanded the trade of the eastern world; and they were absolute kings of the Mediterranean sea.

The ancient regal seat of those princes was Zidon, built by Zidon the first son of Canaan; and the people then subject to that family were called Zidonians; the same state continuing even unto Joshua's time. For till then, it is probable that there was but one king of all that region, afterwards called Phoenicia; which Procopius also confirmeth in his second book of Vandal Wars. But in process of time, the city of Tyre adjoining became the more magnificent; yet, according to the prophet, it was but a daughter of Zidon, and by them first built and peopled.

But after the death of Moses, and while Joshua yet governed Israel, Agenor, an Egyptian of Thebes, or a Phœnician bred in Egypt, came thence with his sons Cadmus, Phoenix, Cyrus, and Cilix, say Cedrenus and Curtius, and built and possessed the cities of Tyre and Zidon, to wit, the new Tyrus; and brought into Phoenicia (so called after the name of his second son) the use of letters: which also Cadmus, in his pursuit after his sister Europa, taught the Grem Plin. 1. 5. c. 19. n Strab. 1. 16. Budæ. de As. 1. 4. • Isaiah xxiii.

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