Nevertheless, it has been possible to make some reasonable estimates of the probable range of the Soviet civil defense budget based on a careful assessment of the apparent scope of the Soviet effort.

One such estimate was mentioned by Mr. Ellis, Director of OCDM, when he recently testified before the Subcommittee on Independent Offices of the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives. Mr. Ellis cited what the press reported to be a secret report which, he said, indicated that the Soviet Union was now spending annually not less than $500 million and possibly as much as $1.5 billion on civil defense.

I do not know whether this cost estimate includes the salaries of the full-time civil defense workers, the price of buildings and offices used by them or the cost of various dual purpose constructions and measures (such as the adaptation of subways for shelter purposes, urban and industrial dispersal, warning and communication systems, etc.).

It is also apparent that the Soviet expenditures on civil defense have tended to increase with the progressive expansion of the scope of the program. It is likely therefore that over the past 10 years the Soviet Union has spent at least $3 billion and possibly much more on civil defense.

SOVIET TRAINING PROGRAM FOR CIVIL DEFENSE

Since 1955, the Soviet Union has instituted a series of compulsory training courses for the population including men 16 to 60 years old and women 16 to 55. There are a number of reasons cited by Soviet spokesmen for this training:

(1) A trained population will not suffer the same degree of trauma and panic as an untrained one.

(2) Adequate training will prevent many casualties.

(3) A trained population can practice self-help and can be mobilized to assist the civil defense organization in dealing with the effects of an attack.

(4) For these reasons training serves to strengthen the defense capability of the Soviet Union.

These views, I may say, have been expressed by all of the leading military leaders of the Soviet Union.

The training program and its implementation is the responsibility of DOSAAF (Voluntary Society for Assistance to the Army, Air Force and Navy), which is the largest voluntary organization in the Soviet Union.

In addition to the three courses described in the committee's report a fourth, 18-hour course was added in 1960 to be completed in 1962. This will bring the total training time since 1955 to 64 hours, with the last two courses (totaling 32 hours) including extensive practical work and exercises. The latest course is specifically designed to train the population in collective methods for dealing with and limiting the effects of an attack, and consequently stresses first aid, rescue, fire fighting, and decontamination work in the disaster areas.

I would like to show you a 1956 training chart, such as are posted in factories, apartment houses, and so on. (See fig. G-3, p. 269.)

11. СПОСОБЫ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ БАКТЕРИОлогиче
ского И ХИМИЧЕСКОГО ОРУЖИЯ

IV. ПОЛЬЗОВАТЬСЯ ИНДИВИДУАЛЬНЫМИ СРЕДСТВАМИ ЗАЩИТЫ

У. ПОЛЬЗОВАТЬСЯ КОЛЛЕКТИВНЫМИ СРЕДСТВАМИ ЗАЩИТЫ

офисправн

противогаз

Пользоваться перевозочение протон

Претаться за простанов

Укрываться в пограбо

VI. ПРОВЕСТИ В СВОЕМ ЖИЛИЩЕ ПРЕДУПРЕДИТЕЛЬНЫЕ МЕРОПРИЯТИЯ С ВВЕДЕНИЕМ

«УГРОЖАЕМОГО ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ»

Маскировать поартиры

Быстро находить точен приватно судие при артериальном кровотечения

Делать перев

Накладывать т

Although, as has been often noted, the previous courses tended to soft-pedal the effects of thermonuclear weapons and of fallout, this is no longer so. The present course is quite realistic in its description of thermonuclear weapon yields and effects as well as of the probable extent and character of the fallout.

Although the new 18-hour course, like the earlier ones, has not involved the entire population and has lagged behind in some areas, the present indications are that an increasing number of persons have been exposed to it and that many of the previous shortages of training equipment and instructors have been generally overcome. Training is also being given to schoolchildren 12 to 16 and there are lectures for people over 60.

Training, as before, takes place in small study circles organized at places of work or residence, thus involving little use of mass propaganda media. It seems reasonable to assume that between 50 and 100 million persons, (out of a total of about 135 million eligible), have been exposed to some or all of the training courses.

A tentative but conservative estimate of the cost of the latest course would indicate that the Soviet Union is spending about $100 to $200 million annually on its implementation, not counting the time of students and instructors which is free.

INDIVIDUAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Individual Means of Protection: The Soviet civil defense authorities and the training system put great stress on the need for protecting each person against chemical and bacteriological agents and against the intaking or direct body contact with radioactive matter. This is to be accomplished by means of gas masks, protective clothing and individual decontamination packets. The population has been given instruction in the characteristics of most known chemical and biological agents and has been trained in the use of this equipment. This includes the test chambers for gas masks, and so on.

Gas masks, which are of good quality and probably more expensive than the U.S. civilian masks, are to be distributed to the population when the Government believes that there is a real danger of war. There is considerable evidence that they have been issued to the civil defense personnel and for training purposes (probably some 30 million masks issued).

Protective clothing, which is either of rubberized material or of plastic material is distributed, They are expensive, particularly these shown on this chart.

Protective clothing such as shown on this chart has been issued only to civil defense personnel while the population is told to make their own or to use whatever covering is handy in an emergency. (See fig. G-4.)

FIGURE G-4.-ILLUSTRATION FROM SOVIET TRAINING MANUAL

TYPES OF PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

The two types of individual decontamination packets available are primarily designed for the purpose of removing liquid vesicants from skin and clothing and are extensively used in the training courses. (See fig. G-5, p. 272.)

The more advanced types, of which this is one, contains inhalants. In the last year or so the population has also been receiving training in the proper use of atropine syrettes against nerve gases and of other antidotes against other chemical agents. It would appear that there may be plans to include these antidotes in the individual decontamination packets, and they are widely used for training purposes. (See fig. G-6, p. 273.)