"Discriminatory practices, if they can be solved by negotiation, are the more quickly ended when the National Government makes clear that its authority will be exercised against offenders. Such authority need be sparingly used. Its mere existence serves to ease the way to settlements at every stage of negotiation." Respectfully submitted.

Of counsel:

SOL RABKIN,

JACK SHAUM.

NATIONAL COMMUNITY RELATIONS ADVISORY COUNCIL
HENRY EPSTEIN, Chairman.

Senator DONNELL. Mr. Clarence Barbour.

STATEMENT OF CLARENCE BARBOUR, REPRESENTING STUDENTS FOR DEMOCRATIC ACTION, UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA

Senator DONNELL. Mr. Barbour, will you please state your name, address, and occupation?

Mr. BARBOUR. I have that here prefaced in my testimony. I will answer the question, though.

Senator DONNELL. Very well.

Mr. BARBOUR. My name is Clarence Barbour. I am a resident of Chapel Hill, N. C., and a student of the University of North Carolina. Senator DONNELL. Will you proceed with your testimony?

Mr. BARBOUR. I am representing Students for Democratic Action. This organization is of non-Communist progressive students.

Senator DONNELL. May I interrupt you right there? Does the organization have a constitution in which it negatives the right of an individual as a Communist to belong to it?

Mr. BARBOUR. It does, sir.

Senator DONNELL. You have it here?

Mr. BARBOUR. I have a copy of that constitution here.

Senator DONNELL. Would you be kind enough to read to us the particular sentences to which you refer?

Mr. BARBOUR. I have also a membership card.

Senator DONNELL. First, the sentences of the constitution, if you will.

Mr. BARBOUR. They are identical.

Senator DONNELL. If you will just give us the language that is contained in the constitution.

Mr. BARBOUR. All right, sir.

Since the wording of the two are identical, would it be all right if I read it?

Senator DONNELL. If the wording is identical.

Mr. BARBOUR. The Students for Democratic Action is an organization of progressives dedicated to the achievement of freedom and economic security for all people everywhere, through education and political action. We believe that rising living, standards and lasting peace can be attained by democratic planning, enlargement of fundamental liberties, and international cooperation.

We believe that all forms of totalitarianism, including communism, are incompatible with these objectives. In our crusade for an expanding democracy and against fascism and reaction, we welcome as members of SDA only those whose devotion to the principles of political freedom is unqualified.

Senator DONNELL. Proceed.

Mr. BARBOUR. We are the student division of Americans for Democratic Action.

Senator DONNELL. Would you tell us what the Americans for Democratic Action is?

Mr. BARBOUR. Well, it is a liberal movement in this country. It is an organization of liberal-minded people, leaders in various communities over the country. Our constitution was drawn up, ratified, as of March 29 in convention in Washington.

Senator DONNELL. This year?

Mr. BARBOUR. This year; 1947.

Senator DONNELL. That is, the organization of Americans for Democratic Action is an organization created in the year 1947. Is that right? Mr. BARBOUR. Yes, sir.

Senator DONNELL. And your division of Students for Democratic Action was likewise, therefore, created in this present calendar year? Mr. BARBOUR. Yes; in a convention of Students for Democratic Action which was, previous to our affiliation with ADA, the United States Student Assembly, and we are now a division of the ADA.

Senator DONNELL. That is to say, your organization had previously existed as the Student Assembly.

Mr. BARBOUR. Yes, sir.

Senator DONNELL. How old an organization is the Student Assembly?

Mr. BARBOUR. That, sir, I will have to get that information. I do not have it here with me.

Senator DONNELL. How long has it been in existence-for several years?

Mr. BARBOUR. Yes, sir; and then taken over as a division of the SDA.

Senator DONNELL. Where was this convention at which the Students for Democratic Action was organized held?

Mr. BARBOUR. In Washington.

Senator DONNELL. How large an attendance was present at that convention?

Mr. BARBOUR. I do not know.

Senator DONNELL. Were you present?

Mr. BARBOUR. I was not.

Senator DONNELL. Do you know how many members Americans for Democratic Action has?

Mr. BARBOUR. Well, I have the approximate number here. Our membership is in the neighborhood of 4,000.

Senator DONNELL. You mean by "our," total membership?

Mr. BARBOUR. Student membership.

Senator DONNELL. I am asking for intermembership of the Americans for Democratic Action, which I understand is a larger organization.

Mr. BARBOUR. I am representing here, not the Americans for Democratic Action but the division of Students for Democratic Action. Senator DONNELL. Which is it that has a membership of 4,000? Mr. BARBOUR. Students division.

Senator DONNELL. What I am asking is, What is the membership of ADA? Do you know?

Mr. BARBOUR. I do not know.

Senator DONNELL. Who is head of that organization?
Mr. BARBOUR. Mr. Wilson Wyatt is the chairman.

Senator DONNELL. Formerly here in the housing work?
Mr. BARBOUR. Yes, sir.

Senator DONNELL. Is he the president of it?

Mr. BARBOUR. He is the chairman.

Senator DONNELL. Do you have a copy of the constitution of that organization?

Mr. BARBOUR. Yes, sir.

Senator DONNELL. You have it here with you?

Mr. BARBOUR. I think I have it here.

Senator SMITH. May I ask this one question?

Do you admit democratically minded representatives to your organization?

Mr. BARBOUR. I think that is obvious, sir; yes.

Senator DONNELL. Do you have any very active chapters in the northern universities?

Mr. BARBOUR. We have active chapters, sir, on northern, western, midwestern campuses, as well as the southern ones. I am speaking primarily for the SDA division of students.

Senator DONNELL. That is what I am talking about-the northern universities.

Mr. BARBOUR. Yes, sir.

Senator SMITH. What ones are there up north? I do not want to get the chairman's question sidetracked here, but I am curious about the ones which are in New York or New England, for instance.

Mr. BARBOUR. I cannot remember the specific campuses, but I can get that information for you.

Senator DONNELL. What organizations do you have south of the Mason and Dixon's line, Mr. Barbour? What colleges?

Mr. BARBOUR. We have an organization of students organized on the campus of Georgia Tech: University of North Carolina; Williams College, in Greensboro, N. C.; and Winthrop College, Rock Hill, S. C. Senator SMITH. Mr. Chairman, the purpose of my facetious question was really to ask you whether it is a political organization or not. Mr. BARBOUR. It is political.

The policies of my organization are made by representatives of all chapters in an annual national convention. Between conventions, the national board and national executive committee are empowered to make policy. At our first national convention in Washington, March 28-30, 1947, a program was adopted which included the statement, "SDA will actively support State and National FEPC bills." In accordance with this section of the program, the national executive committee at its meeting of June 3, 1947, passed the following resolution

Senator DONNELL. Where was that meeting of June 3, 1947, held? Mr. BARBOUR. That question places me in a very embarrassing position. I am of the opinion that it met in Washington.

Senator DONNELL. Do you not know where it met?
Mr. BARBOUR. Am I free to ask my colleagues?
Senator DONNELL. Did you prepare this statement?

Mr. BARBOUR. I prepared this statement here, but this information was given to me by those whom I represent.

Senator DONNELL. All right. Who is present here that knows where that meeting was held?

Mr. SELLERS. Here in Washington.

Senator DONNELL. At what place?

Mr. SELLERS. 1740 K Street.

Senator DONNELL. How large an attendance was there?

Mr. SELLERS. I am not sure. I was not present at the meeting. But I think there were about 15 persons on the executive committee. Senator DONNELL. You do not know how many members were there? May I inquire the name of the gentleman who has been furnishing the answers to these questions?

Mr. SELLERS. My name is Charles Sellers. My home is in North Carolina. I am temporarily in Washington with Students for Democratic Action.

Senator DONNELL. Very well; go ahead, Mr. Barbour.

Mr. BARBOUR. I shall now read the resolution to which I referred a minute ago [reading]:

Whereas the national convention of Students for Democratic Action pledged SDA to work for the establishment of a fair employment practices commission to eliminate glaring inequalities in economic opportunity in American life; and Whereas the passage of S. 984 would set up such a commission with adequate enforcement powers: Therefore be it

Resolved, That the national executive committee endorses S. 984; and be it further Resolved, That Clarence Barbour, of the University of North Carolina chapter, is authorized to appear before the appropriate Senate committee to support S. 984 on behalf of Students for Democratic Action.

As students we are especially interested in securing FEPC legislation. Many among us will be discriminated against when they leave school and try to secure jobs equal to their ability and training. This group includes the members of many minorities in northern schools as well as Negroes in their separate schools in the South. It is a tragic fact that many of these fellow students of ours are preparing themselves for jobs which they will never be able to secure.

Senator DONNELL. On what do you base that statement, Mr. Barbour? How do you know your fellow students will not be able to secure positions for which they are fitting themselves?

Mr. BARBOUR. I am speaking now of the Negro students, and I am speaking from my own experience and my acquaintance with Negro students.

We have on our campus Negro students that have finished college, others who have some college training who are working as waiters in restaurants, and in my experience in the South I have been most familiar with students in the same position who have trained themselves in college, but have not been able to follow the line of work for which they were trained.

Senator DONNELL. Now, these young people who are working in restaurants as waiters-are they going to school?

Mr. BARBOUR. No, sir.

Senator DONNELL. Have they finished school?

Mr. BARBOUR. Absolutely.

Senator DONNELL. Very well, and it is on that fact and knowledge of that fact that you base your statement?

Mr. BARBOUR. On their statements.

It is a social tragedy that the skills and capacities which they are developing will be lost to the community. the mem

It is no wonder that there is a growing bitterness among bers of minority groups in our schools. The same resentment is, to a lesser extent, felt by all students because of the discrepancy they find between the democracy expounded in American history courses and the democracy they find practiced in the community. Members of our organization have been very active in trying to do away with discrimination in a number of places. Some other students have felt so keenly the injustice of discrimination that they have lost faith in democracy itself and have been taken in by the program of the Communist Party and its agencies which promises to establish the equal opportunity which democracy should guarantee. It is my belief that discrimination against minority groups is the most important single reason for the limited but expanding foothold which communism has gained in American schools.

I also speak to you as a veteran. During my 6 years in the Marines, both in the Caribbean and the Pacific, I saw Negro, Jewish, and foreign-born Americans working side by side with other marines to preserve a democracy which promises them an equal right with every other American to make a living. But they are now finding that they were fighting for a theory, and that in practice they are facing the same old barriers. For the first time in the history of any country, the youth of all minority groups are being given the opportunity, through the GI bill of rights, to develop their capacities and skills by education and on-the-job training. But what a mockery it is to turn educated and skilled young men and women out into a society which will allow them to work only as ditch diggers, domestic servants, and unskilled laborers of other kinds. On my own campus there are a number of Negro college graduates working as maintenance labor, maids, and waiters.

I realize that I am also speaking to you as a southerner. The violent reaction of certain southern editorialists to FEPC has created the impression that the South is universally and implacably opposed to it. I am here today to tell you that other southerners feel that the poor economic position of the southern Negro, maintained by job discrimination, is one of the biggest impediments to southern progress. Such southern newspapers as the Birmingham Age-Herald, the Montgomery Advertiser, the Anniston Star, the Macon News, and the Raleigh News and Observer praised the work of the President's FEPC during the war. I understand that Mr. Paul Williams is also to appear before the committee to support the bill on behalf of the Southern Regional Council, an organization of outstanding southern leaders whose long experience in the field of southern development gives it peculiar qualification to speak on this problem. In my own small college community, Chapel Hill, the present bill has been endorsed by Dr. Frank P. Graham, president of the University of North Carolina, and by Rev. Charles Jones, pastor of the Chapel Hill Presbyterian Church.

There is no need to labor the fact that the South is, in the words of President Roosevelt, "the Nation's No. 1 economic problem." To build a prosperous economy and good life for its people, the South must achieve, with the rest of the country, full employment of its 'natural and human resources. Full employment must be based on both a high