II. Summary of conclusions and recommendations. (B) Review and clearance of military speeches - (C) Troop information and education.. (D) Public seminar or external information program_ IV. Civil-military relations in our democratic society. V. Review and clearance of military speeches - - (A) Propriety of review and clearance.. (B) Discussion of review actions.. (C) Military statements to the Congress. (D) Professional service journals__ VI. Troop information and education_ (B) Discussion of internal information program. (C) Production of troop information materials_ (D) Problems and deficiencies in program__ VII. Public information or seminar program_ Page Appendix B-Alphabetical list of statements placed in record_ Appendix C-Summary of history, background, procedures, and applica- VII MAJORITY REPORT-MILITARY COLD WAR EDUCATION AND SPEECH REVIEW POLICIES I. INTRODUCTION This subcommittee was appointed as a result of a resolution adopted by the Senate Committee on Armed Services on September 20, 1961, which provided that a subcommittee, to be appointed or designated by the chairman of the full committee, should "be authorized and directed to study and appraise the use of military personnel and facilities to arouse the public to the menace of the cold war and to inform and educate armed services personnel on the nature and menace of the cold war." On September 21, 1961, Senator Richard B. Russell, the chairman of the Senate Committee on Armed Services, announced the appointment of the special subcommittee with Senator John Stennis, as chairman, and Senators Stuart Symington, Henry M. Jackson, Strom Thurmond, E. L. Bartlett, Styles Bridges, Leverett Saltonstall, and Margaret Chase Smith as the other members. After the death of our esteemed and respected colleague, Senator Bridges, Senator Francis Case was appointed to fill the resulting vacancy on the subcommittee. Senator Case himself passed away after the completion of the hearings and prior to the preparation of this report. At the outset of the investigation, it was decided to subdivide the subject matter of the inquiry into three major phases, these being: 1. A study of the practices and procedures relating to the policy review or censorship of public speeches of military personnel for the purpose of determining whether they are established and administered properly and whether there have been abuses or improper practices in the administration thereof. 2. An examination of the military troop information and education program to determine the effectiveness of the existing program, the scope of the desired program, and the question of what can and should be done to strengthen the program and make it more effective. 3. A study of the proper role of military personnel in informing, educating, and alerting the civilian population as to the menace of the cold war, including the participation by the military in cold war or anti-Communist seminars and the military external information program in general. In addition to the specific matters listed above, the very nature of the assigned jurisdiction of the subcommittee necessitated a consideration of the nature of the Communist threat, the fundamental question of the proper and appropriate role of military personnel in modern day government, and the broad field of civil-military relations. The staff of the special subcommittee, which consisted of the staff of the regular Preparedness Investigating Subcommittee plus sub 1 stantial augmentation for the purposes of the special inquiry, spent approximately 4 months before the commencement of the hearings in making an exhaustive investigation and study of all relevant aspects of the subjects involved. Hundreds of witnesses were interviewed and several filing cases of documents and other written materials were collected, researched, and analyzed. Investigative field trips, with more than 50 military installations being visited, ranged from coast to coast. In the discharge of its duties the subcommittee held hearings on 36 days and the printed transcript totals 3,347 pages. Sixty-seven witnesses testified in person before the subcommittee and, in addition, 29 written statements were filed and inserted in the record. A list of the witnesses, in alphabetical order, is attached hereto as Appendix A and a list of the statements placed in the record in chronological order is attached as Appendix B. With one very minor exception all hearings were open to the public. This report is based upon the sworn testimony given at the hearings, the written statements inserted in the record, the official documents in the files of the subcommittee, and other data and material developed and accumulated by the staff. In many of its phases, this investigation dealt, not only with facts, figures, and other tangibles, but also with conflicting personal creeds and philosophies, with differing convictions, ideologies, and issues, and, perhaps all too often, with unadorned and unsupported personal opinion. The deep, fundamental, and heated emotions, issues, and ideologies which were always in the background of the inquiry are, it is clear, symptomatic of the difficult times in which we live. The subcommittee has made no effort to resolve or pass upon all of these basic conflicts and issues. Such an effort would have been both impossible and far beyond the subcommittee's jurisdiction. This report will not contain a detailed analysis of the voluminous evidence in the record. Any attempt to do so would extend the report to impossible lengths. The report will focus upon those considerations and issues which are of major and substantial importance within the subcommittee's jurisdiction as outlined in the authorizing resolution. Throughout this inquiry we have kept in mind constantly the fundamental proposition that the primary and basic purpose of our military services is to be prepared for war and to fight and win if war should come. The Military Establishment exists only to enforce our national policy. Other considerations must be considered in the light of the importance of their contribution to the attainment of the primary goal. II. SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The subcommittee deems it appropriate to commence its report with a summary of its major conclusions and recommendations which are discussed at some length later in the report. These follow : |