I don't know how important this point is, but I think it is worth noting that nonprofit institutions under your policy, where they hold title to a patent, they sometimes realize not-I can't say profits from it but they realize moneys from the use of commercial applications of patented inventions to which they hold title, which funds go to increase the scope of their operation. Senator MCCLELLAN. That is still nonprofit, though? Admiral COATES. Nonprofit, that is, they pay no money to stockholders. Senator MCCLELLAN. No one is profiting out of it other than people who have jobs and salaries. But that is regarded as good for the country, for people to have jobs and income. Admiral COATES. Yes. There are universities that have had income from patents they hold. Senator MCCLELLAN. I think I have put this whole memorandum in the record. Any questions, Mr. Wright? Mr. WRIGHT. Just one question on the memorandum. Is it your statement, Admiral, that Dr. Waterman prescribed this policy simply because he was dealing with educational institutions? Mr. SILVERMAN. I can't answer that question, Mr. Wright, I do not know. Mr. WRIGHT. What he says in his memorandum is that he is adopting this policy because of the importance of this area of scientific activity to the Nation's welfare. As far as the importance to the Nation's welfare, that might be exactly the same whether or not you are talking about a contract with a nonprofit corporation or a profit corporation, isn't that right? Mr. SILVERMAN. I agree with that. I would like to point out, as you probably know, the Office of Naval Research is the oldest of the contracting agencies in the research_business for the Government, having been established in 1946. It is, I am very proud to say, considered by many people to still be a model for the operation of this sort of activity. So I would like to point out, for whatever it is worth, that 15 years of history of operation within the Office of Naval Research led me to believe that the type of operation we have been running has been a pretty good one, that it has been effective. Senator MCCLELLAN. Anything further? Senator Johnston, these gentlemen representing the Navy have just concluded their testimony. Any questions? Senator JOHNSTON. No, sir. Senator MCCLELLAN. Thank you very much, Admiral, and gentle men. Call the next witness. Mr. WRIGHT. General Cooper. Senator MCCLELLAN. General, have a seat. General, you may state your name and your position with our Government and the military and how long you have been in the service, and what your present duties and responsibilities are in your present position. STATEMENT OF MAJ. GEN. MARCUS F. COOPER, DEPUTY CHIEF OF STAFF, RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING, AIR FORCE SYSTEMS COMMAND; ACCOMPANIED BY WILLIAM MUNVES, ASSISTANT GENERAL COUNSEL (PROCUREMENT), DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE; PAUL SHERWOOD, PATENTS DIVISION, STAFF, JUDGE ADVOCATE'S OFFICE, AIR FORCE SYSTEMS COMMAND; AND MAJ. JACK A. CUNNINGHAM, PROCUREMENT POLICY AND PROCEDURES DIVISION, DEPUTY CHIEF OF STAFF, MATERIEL General COOPER. My name is Maj. Gen. Marcus F. Cooper. I am assigned to the Air Force Systems Command which was formerly ARDC of the Air Force. Senator MCCLELLAN. What is ARDC? General COOPER. Air Research and Development Command. I have been in the service 26 years. My present duty assignment is Deputy Chief of Staff, Research and Engineering, of the Air Force Systems Command. Senator MCCLELLAN. Very well. You have some associates with you, have you? Senator MCCLELLAN. Will you gentlemen please identify yourselves for the record? Mr. MUNVES. I am William Munves. I am Assistant General Counsel for Procurement in the Department of the Air Force. I have been in the Department of Defense in one capacity or another as a procurement attorney for about 15 years. Senator MCCLELLAN. All right, Major? Major CUNNINGHAM. I am Maj. Jack A. Cunningham. I am Chief of the Policy and Procedures Branch of the Director of Procurement, Air Force Systems Command. I have approximately 151⁄2 years of military experience, 5 years in procurement. Senator MCCLELLAN. Thank you very much. Mr. SHERWOOD. I am Paul Sherwood. I am Patent Counsel for the Air Force Systems Command, and I have been such Patent Counsel for the Air Force for approximately 19 years. Senator MCCLELLAN. Thank you very much. All right, General, you have a prepared statement, have you? Senator MCCLELLAN. I assume you are appearing here at the request of the committee; that is, the request of General COOPER. The March 28 letter from you. Senator MCCLELLAN. All right. Would you like to read your statement, or would you care to just insert it in the record and highlight it? General COOPER. I prefer to read it. Senator MCCLELLAN. Very well. We are according that right or privilege to the witnesses who appear who have prepared statements, particularly those who have come at our request. So you may proceed to read your statement, and if we desire, we will interrupt for explanation or clarification as we go along. General COOPER. My statement will describe the nature and magnitude of the U.S. Air Force basic and applied research programs, our management philosophy, and the potential commercial use of products and processes developed as a result of these programs. The objectives of the Air Force research activities are to plan for, perform, and sponsor the necessary studies, investigations, and experiments to insure the availability of knowledge and technical ability to sustain the long-term qualitative superiority of the Air Force. The basic research segment is conducted principally by universities and scientific institutions through approximately 1,400 contracts totaling $42.1 million during fiscal year 1961. In this area are included Air Force interests in geophysics, life sciences, propulsion, materials, electronics, and aeromechanics. Senator MCCLELLAN. If I understand you here, you say that your scientific experimentation here and studies are done by contract principally with universities. Is that correct? General COOPER. The basic research program is also accomplished by scientific institutions. Senator MCCLELLAN. They would be nonprofit organizations, would they? General COOPER. Yes, sir. Senator MCCLELLAN. Proceed. General COOPER. The applied research program is much larger in scope, and is conducted principally by contracts with industry and universities. We estimate that there will be approximately 6,000 contracts during fiscal year 1961 totaling about $240 million. This applied research program includes 28 technical areas listed and described briefly in annex A which I have attached to this statement and request that it be made a part of the record. Senator MCCLELLAN. I believe it is going to be rather pertinent to the rest of your testimony, and I believe we will just have it printed at this point in the record so that it can be read with the statement. Let annex A be printed in the record at this point. (The document referred to is as follows:) ANNEX A Research on propulsion.-The purpose of this is to investigate new or improved methods of storing, releasing, and converting energy in a predictable and controllable manner. Research on materials.-This is a study of chemical and physical phenomena leading to new materials or unique uses of existing materials. Research on electronics.-The purpose of this is to investigate new principles of electron physics and discover new knowledge concerning electromagnetic energy. Research on geophysics.-This purpose is to obtain knowledge of the physical and chemical processes which contribute to the environment of the various regions of the earth and space. Research on biosciences.-The purpose of this is to obtain advanced knowledge on human organisms and explore new methods for extending the limits of human performance and tolerance. Research on aeromechanics.-This purpose is to accomplish both theoretical and experimental research leading to new basic knowledge on the fundamental aspects of the motion of bodies in all speed and altitude ranges. Nuclear effects.-The purpose of this is to investigate nuclear detonations and related effects as a function of yield, weapon design, and altitude. Nuclear applications.-This is the development of methods of suspension and release, arming, fuzing, safing, and delivery of nuclear weapons. Support equipment techniques.-This is to develop techniques to provide support and checkout equipment for future weapons systems. Deployable aerodynamic deceleration.-This is to develop a capability of deceleration and/or recovery systems for aircraft escape capsules and space vehicles. Materials. The purpose of this is to develop improved materials in advance of Air Force requirements for the construction of all types of weapon systems and astronautical vehicles. Navigation and guidance.-The purpose of this is to develop technique to navigate all aerospace weapon systems. Flight control.-This is to develop techniques and equipment for the control and stabilization of a vehicle on a defined flight plan and gather data during all phases of flight. Weapon fire control. This is to develop techniques and design criteria applicable to fire control and missile guidance systems and provide a capability, through detection, to destroy advanced enemy strike vehicles. Vehicle defense. This is to develop lethal defensive equipment requirements based on vehicle threat environment, and achieve integration of all defense measures in a centralized defensive subsystem. Computer techniques.-The purpose of this is to develop improved data processing techniques to provide solution to mathematical problems associated with the Air Force mission. Advanced weapons.-This is to develop advanced weapons with an offensive and defensive capability not dependent on nuclear detonation, which will complement future vehicle's defensive subsystems. Mechanics of flight.-This is to develop criteria for design and testing in the areas of flight vehicle structure, aerothermal electricity, aerodynamics, crew station design and escape, vibration acoustics, and crew environmental protection. Air vehicle propulsion.—The purpose of this is the development of advanced technology for air vehicle propulsion systems. Flight vehicle power.-This is to provide necessary power to operate any vehicle in flight exclusive of the propulsion. Rocket propulsion.—This is the development of advanced technology for rocket propulsion systems. Surveillance techniques.-The purpose of this is to develop surveillance techniques and track objects of military interest. Communications.-The purpose of this is to develop a communications capability on both a global and aerospace basis. Electromagnetic warfare.-This is the development of advanced capability to reduce effectiveness of enemy equipments and tactics employing electromagnetic radiations. Electronic techniques.-This is the development of advanced electronic component parts, design techniques, test equipment, and radomes materials. Reconnaissance.-This is the development of techniques for recording and analyzing data concerning natural and manmade situations on planetary surfaces from an aerospace platform. Electromagnetic vulnerability reduction.-This is to define electromagnetic interference problems which reduce the performance of weapon and support systems and to develop techniques that will permit equipments to operate at desired performance levels when subjected to natural and manmade electromagnetic interference. Intelligence techniques.-The purpose of this is the development of equipment and techniques to obtain intelligence from information. Electromagnetic wave techniques.-This is the development of electromagnetic techniques to provide the Air Force with more effective communication. Aerospace environment.-This is the development of advanced aerospace knowledge of the earth, celestial bodies, matter, energy, and the natural force fields which exist. Life support.-The purpose of this is to determine tolerance and bodily needs in the support of man in advanced aerospace systems environments, and to protect man from both individual and combined mechanical, physiological, and environmental stresses. Aerospace medicine.-The purpose of this is to improve the medical services, maintain health and prevent diseases, assess the cause and course of pathological conditions, and establish medical standards. Radiobiology.-This is the determination of the hazards to personnel from ionizing and microwave radiation; the determination of how exposure to these radiations may interfere with or prevent the completion of assigned Air Force mission; and the development of tolerance criteria and adequate protective measures. Human performance.-The purpose of this is to obtain optimum performance of people in the maintenance and operation of weapon and support systems, whether these people perform their duties on the ground, in aircraft, or in space vehicles. Senator MCCLELLAN. Proceed. General COOPER. The major effort is being conducted in propulsion, surveillance, weapons fire control, aeromechanics, bioastronautics, and electronic techniques. From these efforts we develop a storehouse of advanced technology that provides a suitable base from which to develop complete weapon systems. Next, I will discuss research in fields where nonmilitary agencies are also active. As you know, basic research constitutes the broadest base in the scientific exploration of fundamental concepts in the laws of nature. Senator MCCLELLAN. Before we proceed further, can you give us a little idea of the $240 million you spoke of in the applied research program you are spending; what part of that, either in dollars or percentagewise, is spent with nonprofit organizations, contracts with them, and what part is contracted to industry? General COOPER. I do not have it broken down in exactly the way you ask for it. I have it broken down in a similar fashion. The basic research we spent in the house-that is, within the Air Force-16 percent Senator MCCLELLAN. That is basic research? General COOPER. Basic research. Senator MCCLELLAN. We are not talking about the $240 million now; we are talking about the 50 General COOPER. I will give both; I will give the applied research area first. In the Air Force we perform 9 percent of our applied research effort in house, in our own laboratories. Ninety-one percent, or $240 million, is accomplished through contracts, and these contracts in the applied research area are principally with institutions and also contractors. Senator MCCLELLAN. Also what? General COOPER. Contractors, industry. Senator MCCLELLAN. Now can you give us the percentage there, what part is nonprofit organizations? General COOPER. Ninety-one percent of the contracts-I do not have broken down the percentage of those contracts which were nonprofit and profit institutions. Senator MCCLELLAN. Can you supply that for the record? General COOPER. Yes, sir; I will be very happy to do so. Senator MCCLELLAN. Let is be supplied for the record at this point. |