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480 of 1954, AID administers certain local currency and Food for Peace programs.

Certain programs of AID and its predecessor agencies had their origin in the Economic Cooperation Act of 1948, which established the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA) to administer the European recovery program (the Marshall plan). The functions of the ECA were transferred in 1951 to the Mutual Security Agency (MSA), established to maintain security and provide for the general welfare of the United States by furnishing military, economic, and technical assistance to friendly nations in the interest of international peace and security. Reorganization Plan No. 7 of August 1, 1953, established the Foreign Operations Administration (FOA) to centralize operations, control, and direction of all foreign economic and technical assistance programs and to coordinate mutual security activities. The FOA took over the functions of the MSA, the Office of the Director of Mutu

al Security in the Executive Office of the President, the Technical Cooperation Administration, the Institute of InterAmerican Affairs, and several other foreign assistance activities. The FOA was abolished in 1955 and succeeded by the International Cooperation Administration (ICA), which coordinated foreign assistance operations and conducted all but military mutual security programs. AID replaced ICA in 1961.

There is less than 1 cubic foot of records dated 1955 in this record group.

AUDIOVISUAL RECORDS. 1955. 2

items.

These are films of the ICA, showing U.S. assistance to India, Libya, Ecuador, Indochina, Sudan, Ethiopia, Paraguay, Thailand, Indonesia, and Afghanistan in improving educational, agricultural, medical, and other techniques; and concerning U.S. military assistance programs and cooperation in the RIO, NATO, and SEATO countries.

Discontinued Agencies

RECORDS OF BOUNDARY AND CLAIMS COMMISSIONS AND

ARBITRATIONS
(RECORD GROUP 76)

This collective record group was established for segregated files relating to international boundaries, claims, and arbitrations received from the Department of State and international commissions.

The boundaries of the United States have been defined and described by treaties and conventions with Great Britain, France, Russia, Spain, Mexico, and the Republic of Texas. Disputed points concerning the boundaries have been resolved by joint international commissions, arbitration before a neutral

party, and, in at least one case, direct diplomatic negotiation.

Claims of American citizens against foreign governments and claims of foreign nationals against the Government of the United States have usually been settled according to terms of treaties, conventions, or other international acts by claims commissions, arbitration, or outright award. Most of the claims commissions have been international commissions created by two or more countries, but domestic claims commissions have also been established to distribute

to claimant citizens lump-sum indemnities received from foreign countries following diplomatic negotiations.

U.S. participation in arbitrations has been of two types: those in which the United States has acted as an arbitrator and those in which the United States has been a party in the dispute.

Other records relating to boundaries, claims, and international arbitrations are among general records of the Department of State (see RG 59) and the records of the Foreign Service posts of the Department of State (see RG 84).

See John Bassett Moore, History and Digest of the International Arbitrations to Which the United States Has Been a Party (6 vols., 1898), and Digest of International Law (8 vols., 1906); Green H. Hackworth, Digest of International Law (8 vols., 1940-44); and Marjorie M. Whiteman, Digest of International Law (15 vols., 1963- ).

There are 3,018 cubic feet of records dated between 1783 and 1952 in this record group.

RECORDS RELATING TO INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES. 1783-1952. 449 lin. ft.

Records of commissions and arbitrations authorized between 1794 and 1925 to locate, survey, define, describe, settle, or mark boundaries of the United States. The records, which include some documents dated as early as 1719, are organized geographically and thereunder by commission. Included are records relating to the appointment of commissioners and other personnel; journals and records covering the organization and daily procedure and progress of the commissions; manuscript and printed documentary and cartographic materials assembled for background information or evidence; orders and instructions for field surveys and exploratory work; fieldbooks, sketches, and other material of field parties; reports, statements, and arguments of the commissioners; final reports and declarations of the commissioners relating to boundary lines; maps prepared under the direction of the com

missioners and based on surveys of the territory contiguous to the boundary line; and sketches and photographs of boundary monuments and areas along the boundary line. Records pertaining to boundary arbitrations include the arguments of each party in the form of a case and a countercase, to which supporting documentary and cartographic data are appended, and the award or decision of the arbitrator.

See Daniel T. Goggin, comp., Preliminary Inventory of the Records Relating to International Boundaries, PI 170 (1968).

RECORDS RELATING TO CLAIMS. 1794-1941. 3,439 lin. ft.

These records, arranged by country, relate to both international and domestic claims commissions and consist of records relating to the appointment of commissioners; rules of procedure for prosecuting and adjudging the claims; determinations of the president, umpire, or arbitrator; correspondence, record books, and working papers of the commissioners; and memorials, pleadings, depositions, evidence, and argumentsmanuscript or printed-comprising the cases of the individual claimants.

The records pertain to Civil War claims of the United States and Great Britain, 1860-85, settled according to terms of the Treaty of Washington, May 8, 1871; United States and Mexican claims commissions, 1825-1938; the Mixed Claims Commission (United States and Germany), 1914-41; and the Tripartite Claims Commission (United States, Austria, and Hungary), 1925-34 (in WNRC). There are other claims records relating to Great Britain, to 39 other governments, miscellaneous claims, and Yazoo Land Claims, 17901815, involving territory south of the

Tennessee River.

See George S. Ulibarri and Daniel T. Goggin, comps., Preliminary Inventory of Records Relat ing to Civil War Claims, United States and Great Britain, PI 135 (1962); Ulibarri, comp., Prelimi nary Inventory of the Records of United States

and Mexican Claims Commissions, PI 136 (1962); and Ulibarri and Francis J. Heppner, comps., Preliminary Inventory of Records Relating to United States Claims Against the Central Powers, PI 143 (1962).

Hague, 1910; and the International Fur Seal Convention of 1911.

RECORDS RELATING TO INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATIONS. 1866-1945. 133 lin. ft.

These records generally include documentary and cartographic evidence, statements and arguments submitted by the disputants, minutes of proceedings, and reports, decisions, and awards of the arbitrators. Records relating to arbitrations in which the President or a representative of the United States acted as an arbitrator between foreign governments include the Bulama arbitration between Portugal and Great Britain, 1870; the armistice agreement between Spain and the Republics of Peru, Bolivia, Chile, and Ecuador, 1871; the claims arbitration between Colombia and Italy, 1897; the Tacna-Arica arbitration and resulting plebiscite, 1925-26; and the commission of inquiry and conciliation between Bolivia and Paraguay, 1929. There are also records relating to boundary arbitrations between the following states: Argentina and Paraguay, 1878; Costa Rica and Nicaragua, 1888; Argentina and Brazil, 1895; Chile and Argentina, 1898; Venezuela and British Guiana, 1899; Panama and Costa Rica, 1914; Honduras and Nicaragua, 1918; and Honduras and Guatemala, 1918.

Records of arbitrations in which the United States was a party in the dispute include the Fisheries Commission under the Reciprocity Treaty of 1854, the Halifax Fisheries Commission of 1877 under the Treaty of Washington of 1871, the Fur Seal Arbitration of 1895, and the Bering Sea Claims Commission of 189697-all with Great Britain; the North Atlantic Fisheries Arbitration at The

CARTOGRAPHIC AND AUDIOVISUAL RECORDS. 17941952. 21,070 items.

The maps, 1794-1952 (19,534 items), constitute an original cartographic record of the settlement of boundary questions. They range from field sketches through field sheets and fair drawings to the signed copies of the final printed versions. Frequently they represent the first detailed mapping of the areas concerned; in some cases they remain the best representation of those areas. Some reference maps assembled by boundary commissions and some maps submitted as evidence in arbitrations date from the 18th century, and there are other outstanding contemporary maps. Other maps are historically significant, such as those bearing indications of use by Benjamin Franklin, Daniel Webster, Alexander Baring (Lord Ashburton), and other negotiators, or by arbitrators such as the King of the Netherlands.

Audiovisual records (1,536 items) include photographs taken on and near the United States-Canadian border of Alaskan rivers, forts, settlements, scenery, and mountains, 1898 and 1926; Canadian mountains along the border, 1903; and northwest boundary sites and markers, 1860-61. There are also photographs of United States-Mexican border monuments west of the Rio Grande, 1892-94, and of the Costa Rica-Panama boundary, 1910-12.

Microfilm Publications: Records Relating to the Northwest Boundary, 1853-1901; Records Relating to the First Northwest Boundary Survey Commission, 1853-69, T606, 4 rolls; and Records of and Relating to the CS.S. Florida, 1862-64, T716, 4 rolls.

SPECIFIC RESTRICTIONS
Records: All records less than 50 years
old that relate to unsettled claims in
which the United States or its citizens
have a financial interest, and all
other records less than 30 years old.

Restrictions: These records may be used only with the permission of the Department of State.

Specified by: Department of State.

RECORDS OF INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCES,
COMMISSIONS, AND EXPOSITIONS
(RECORD GROUP 43)

Since 1826 the United States has participated in numerous international congresses, conferences, committees, commissions, and international exhibitions and expositions. This participation has been, for the most part, under the auspices of the Department of State as authorized by the Congress, and the resulting records have usually been preserved by the Department.

Records of Boundary and Claims Commissions and Arbitrations, Record Group 76, Records of the American Commission To Negotiate Peace, Record Group 256, and Records of Minor Congressional Commissions, Record Group 148, constitute separate record groups. Related records are among the general records of the Department of State (see RG 59) and the records of Foreign Service posts of the Department of State (see RG 84). Other departments have participated in some conferences, commissions, and expositions; the resulting records are usually among the general records of these departments or among the records of their subordinate agencies.

There are 1,056 cubic feet of records dated between 1825 and 1968 in this record group.

RECORDS OF PARTICIPATION IN
INTERNATIONAL
CONFERENCES. 1825-1941.
362 lin. ft.

Included are records of the U.S. delegation to each conference and of the sec

retariat for conferences held in the United States. Documentation for conferences varies greatly in quantity and character but usually includes minutes, acts, resolutions, conventions, declarations, reports, and correspondence.

Many of the records relate to interAmerican conferences, including the Panama Congress of 1826; the first eight International Conferences of American States, 1889-90, 1901-2, 1906, 1910, 1923, 1928, 1933, and 1938; conferences on Central American affairs, 1922-23, conciliation and arbitration, 1928-29, and maintenance of peace, 1936; the Fifth Pan American Commercial Conference, 1935; and the first and second meetings of foreign ministers, 1939 and 1940.

Records relating to disarmament conferences include those held at Washington, 1921-22, Geneva, 1927 and 1932, and London, 1930 and 1935. Topics of other conferences include alcohol, architecture, communications, dams, emigration and immigration, opium, peace, the Red Cross, safety at sea, sanitary conditions, science, trademarks, and world economic and monetary matters.

RECORDS RELATING TO
MEMBERSHIP ON
INTERNATIONAL COMMISSIONS
AND COMMITTEES. 1871 and 1890-
1952. 647 lin. ft.

These include minutes, reports, correspondence, and newspaper clippings, with a wide variety of type and quantity

for each commission or committee. U.S. relations with Canada (Great Britain) is the subject of two Joint High Commissions, 1871 and 1898, and Joint Economic Committees, 1941-44. Records concerning U.S. relations with Latin America include the Intercontinental Railway Commission, 1890-99, International American Monetary Commission, 1891, International High Commission, 191633, American and Mexican Joint Commission, 1916, and U.S. Electoral Missions to Nicaragua, 1928-32.

Records of the Paris Peace Commission, 1898, relate to the SpanishAmerican War. Records concerning Russian railways, 1917-22, and the Reparation Commission, 1919-30, relate to World War I. Relations with Japan are reflected in records relating to the SinoJapanese dispute, 1930-32, the Far Eastern Commission, 1945-51, and the Allied Council for Japan, 1946-52. Other records of commissions relate to the Samoan High Commission, 1898-99, International Institute of Agriculture, 1908, Third Meeting of the International Technical Consulting Committee on Radio Communications, 1934, British-American Joint Patent Interchange Committee, 1941-46.

and

RECORDS OF PARTICIPATION IN
INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITIONS
AND EXHIBITIONS. 1856-1963.
250 lin. ft.

U.S. participation in foreign and domestic expositions and exhibitions is usually authorized by the Congress, which provides for the appointment of a commission and funds for its activities. Records, which vary widely in quantity and type, range from a program for the Universal Agricultural Prize Exhibition at Paris, 1856-57, to audiovisual records (in FRC Seattle, described below) of the U.S. science exhibit at the Seattle World's Fair, 1956-63.

CARTOGRAPHIC AND
AUDIOVISUAL RECORDS. 1890-
1968. 3,807 items.

Cartographic records consist of maps and related graphs, topographic profiles, and panoramic sketches (1,045 items) prepared for use in published reports relating to the survey for a railroad to connect the American nations, 1890-98. Included are maps showing existing and proposed routes, topography, and cities. and towns in Central America and Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

Audiovisual records consist of photographs (896 items) of Intercontinental Railway Commission surveys of Central and South America, 1890-99, and triangulation stations in the upper Niagara River area, ca. 1910; photographs (815 items in FRC Seattle) used at the Seattle World's Fair, 1956-63; a motion picture (2 reels) illustrating power resources in the United States, 1936; the Film "US," shown at the U.S. Federal Pavilion at the 1968 Hemisfair at San Antonio, Tex., with film made for but not used in the finished production, showing all aspects of life in America, 1968 (1,000 reels); and motion pictures (36 reels in FRC Seattle) and sound tapes (13 items in FRC Seattle) used at the exhibit at the Seattle World's Fair, 1956-63.

See H. Stephen Helton, comp., Preliminary Inventory of the Records of United States Participation in International Conferences, Commissions, and Expositions, PI 76 (1955).

Microfilm Publications: Records of the Department of State Relating to the First Panama Congress, 1825-1827, M662, 1 roll, DP; and Records of the Department of State Relating to the Paris Peace Commission, 1898, T954, 3 rolls. SPECIFIC RESTRICTIONS Records: Records relating to participation on international commissions and committees dated later than 1941. Restrictions: These records may be used only with the permission of the Department of State.

Specified by: Department of State.

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