during the night: but our midnight is mid-day to some other parts of the earth.

Tutor. Right: besides you know the sun is not intended merely for the benefit of this globe, but it is the source of light and heat to six other planets, and eighteen moons belonging to them.

Charles. And you have not reckoned the four newly discovered little planets, which Doctor Herschel denominates Asteroids, but which are known by the name of Ceres Ferdinandea, Pallas, Juno, and Vesta.

Tutor. Well then: the sun to these is the perpetual source of light, heat, and motion; and to more distant worlds it is a fixed star, and will appear to some as large as Arcturus, to others no larger than a star of the sixth magnitude, and to others it must be invisible, unless the inhabitants have the assistance of glasses, or are endowed with better eyes than ourselves.

James. Pray, sir, how swift do you reckon that the particles of light move?

Tutor. This you will easily calculate, when you know, that they are only about eight minutes in coming from the sun.

Charles. And if you reckon the sun to be at the distance of ninety-five millions of miles from the earth; light proceeds at the rate, nearly, of twelve millions of miles in a minute, or at 200,000 miles in a second of time. do you know that it travels so fast? Tutor. It was discovered by M. Roemer, who

But how

observed that the eclipses of Jupiter's satellites took place about sixteen minutes later, if the earth were in that part of its orbit, which is farthest from Jupiter, than if it were in the opposite point of the heavens.

Charles. I understand this: the earth may sometimes be in a line between the sun and Jupiter, and at other times the sun is between the earth and Jupiter; and therefore, in the latter case, the distance of Jupiter from the earth is greater than in the former, by the whole length of its orbit.

Tutor. In this situation, the eclipse of any of the satellites is, by calculation, sixteen minutes later than it would be, if the earth were between Jupiter and the sun; that is, the light flowing from Jupiter's satellites is about sixteen minutes in travelling the length of the earth's orbit, or 190 millions of miles.

James. It would be curious to calculate how much faster light travels than a cannon-ball.

Tutor. Suppose a cannon-ball to travel at the rate of twelve miles a minute; and light to move a million of times faster than that; yet Dr. Akenside conjectures that there may be stars so distant from us that the light proceeding from them has not yet reached the earth:

-Whose unfading light

Has travell'd the profound six thousand years,
Nor yet arriv'd in sight of mortal things.

Charles. Was it to this author that Dr. Young alludes in these lines?

How distant some of the nocturnal suns!
So distant, says the sage, 'twere not absurd
To doubt, if beams, set out on Nature's birth,
Are yet arriv'd at this so foreign world;
Though nothing half so rapid as their flight.

Tutor. He probably referred to Huygens, an eminent astronomer, who threw out the idea before Akenside was born.

James. And you say the particles of light move in all directions.

Tutor. Here is a sheet of thick brown paper, I make only a small pin-hole in it, and then through that hole, I can see all the objects, such as the sky, trees, houses, &c, as I could if the paper were not there.

Charles. Do we only see objects by means of the rays of light which flow from them?

Tutor. In no other way: and therefore the light that comes from the landscape, which I view by looking through the small hole in the paper, must come in all directions at the same time. Take another instance; if a candle be placed on an eminence in a dark night, it may be seen all round for the space of half a mile: in other words, there is no place within a sphere of a mile in diameter, where the candle cannot be seen, that is, where some of the rays from the small flame will not be found.

VOL. III.-B

James. Why do you limit the distance to half a mile?

Tutor. The distance, of course, will be greater or less, according to the size of the candle: but the degree of light, like heat, diminishes in proportion as you go farther from the luminous body.

Charles. Does it follow the same law as gravity 2*

Tutor. It does: the intensity or degree of light decreases as the square of the distance from the luminous body increases.

James. Do you mean, that at the distance of two yards from a candle, we shall have four times less light, than we should have, if we were only one yard from it?

Tutor. I do and at three yards distance, nine times less light; and four yards distance, you will have sixteen times less light than you would were you within a yard of the object.I have one more thing to tell you: light always moves in straight lines.

James. How is that known?

Tutor. Look through a straight tube at any object, and the rays of light will flow readily from it to the eye, but let the tube be bent, and the object cannot be seen through it, which proves that light will move only in a straight line.

* See Scientific Dialogues. Vol. I. Conversation VII.

This is plain also from the shadows which opaque bodies cast; for if the light did not describe straight lines, there would be no shadow. Hold any object in the light of the sun, or a candle, as a square board or book, and the shadow caused by it proves that light moves only in right or straight lines.

CONVERSATION II.

Of Rays of Light-Of Reflection and Refraction.

Charles. You talked, the last time we met, of the rays of light flowing or moving; what do you mean by a ray of light?

Tutor. Light, you know, is supposed to be made up of indefinitely small particles; now one or more of these particles in motion from any body, is called a ray of light.-If the supposition be true, that light consists of particles flowing from a luminous body, as the sun, and that these particles are about eight minutes in coming from the sun to us; then if the sun were blotted from the heavens, we should actually