SELECTION OF PEOPLE TO ATTEND CONFERENCES At this point, Senator Smith, I am coming to the questions you raised about the selection of people for these conferences. The objective at these biennial or triennial conferences which we had-the dates varied from time to time-was to get people who were interested in Pacific affairs and who would present a variety of points of view. The letter to which you referred, sir, I mentioned here-the letter sent to Mr. Raymond Dennett, secretary of the American Council. On August 1, 1944, that was sent. I think that was the one to which you referred. Senator SMITH of New Jersey. That may be the one. The date is not given in the McCarran hearings here, although they refer just before this to the Mont Tremblant gathering in 1942. This may be the Hot Springs one. The point is that you have suggested certain persons to be included and that is the point of my question. Ambassador JESSUP. Yes. I would like to give the facts in regard to that. As you say, the insinuation which has been made is that here was a list of persons I suggested and that a number of these have been accused of Communist leanings or something of that kind. Now, the fact was that, as I think I have already stated or indicated, it was standard operating procedure to select a delegation to a conference in terms of broad representation, both as to the geography of the United States-that is, to get people from various parts of the United States-and also in terms of fields of activity. Now, my correspondence with Mr. Dennett at this period, leading up to my letter of August 1, 1944, shows this process. He had written me on July 31, following up previous consultations, giving a list of names classified according to their activity in Government, business, labor, military, press, academic and professional life. My letter of August 1 is obviously in reply to Dennett's letter of July 31 and the previous discussions of which I have no record, but which I am sure took place. Now, I would like, Mr. Chairman, to insert for the record the full list of the delegation at the Hot Springs Conference of January, 1945. Senator SPARKMAN. That insertion will be made at this point in the record. (The list of delegates referred to appears in the record, as follows:) DELEGATION AT HOT SPRINGS CONFERENCE, JANUARY 1, 1945 AMERICAN DELEGATION NOTE.-President R. G. Sproul of the University of California was to have headed the American group, but when he was prevented from coming, Dr. Jessup was substituted. Jessup, Philip C. (1933, 1939, 1942) professor of international law, Columbia Hart, Admiral T. C., Navy General Board, Navy Department, Vice Chairman. Bolton, Hon. Francis P., Representative, Twenty-second Ohio District, United Bunche, Ralph (1942), area specialist, Office of Special Political Affairs, Depart- Calkins, Robert D., dean, School of Business, Columbia University 4 4 Coe, Frank (1942) Assistant Administrator, Foreign Economic Administration Coons, Arthur G., dean of faculty and professor of economics at Occidental College, Los Angeles De Caux, Len (1942) publicity director, Congress of Industrial Organizations; editor of the CIO News Dennett, Raymond, secretary of American Council of the IPR Emerson, Rupert, Director, Liberated Areas Branch, Foreign Economic Administration Fahey, Col. Daniel C., Jr., member of the Operations Division, War Department Gerbode, Mrs. Frank A. (1929), member, executive committee, San Francisco Bay Gilchrist, Huntington, executive, American Cyanamid Co. Johnstone, William C., director of Washington study program, IPR Keesing, Felix M. (1931), professor of anthropology, Stanford University, California Kirk, Grayson, research associate, Institute of International Studies, Yale University Lattimore, Owen (1933, 1936, 1939, 1942), director, Walter Hines Page School of International Relations, Johns Hopkins University MacKey, J. A., vice president, National City Bank, New York, in charge of far eastern district. McCoy, Maj. Gen. Frank R., United States Army retired (1939, 1942), president, Morison, George Abbot, vice-chairman, Bucyrus-Erie Co., Milwaukee Staley, Eugene (1939), School of Advanced International Studies, Washington, Van Zandt, J. Parker, research associate, the Brookings Institution Vincent, John Carter, Chief, Division of Chinese Affairs, Department of State: member, board of trustees, American Countil, IPR Waymack, W. W., of the Des Moines Register DISCUSSING DELEGATION OF 1945 Ambassador JESSUP. I would like to call attention to the inclusion of such people as Admiral Thomas C. Hart. My manuscript here has a misprint. He was later Senator from Connecticut and not vice chairman of Delaware as stated here. He was Senator from Connecticut after he had retired from the United States Navy. He was the vice chairman of our delegation at Hot Springs and not vice chairman of Delaware. I do not know that there is any such post. However, I do point out that he was on our delegation and he was the vice chairman. I was the chairman of the delegation and he was the vice chairman. We also have here Representative Frances P. Bolton. We have Maj. Gen. Frank R. McCoy. We have Mr. Ralph Bunche. We have Mr. W. W. Waymack. I will not read the entire list, but I will insert it in the record. I think there were some 30 people. Senator SMITH of New Jersey. Dr. Jessup, the names you have mentioned here do not appear on the list that I read before so I am wondering if this was the same meeting. The list I read before does not have any of these names. That was probably a different group because I see you say here later, "I would also like to put in the record a list of the delegates to some of the other conferences I have attended," and so forth. Ambassador JESSUP. Yes, sir. I have all of the delegations here. This is the list of those-which I am putting in now, Senator-the list of those who attended the conference. That is not the same as the list of those I approved on August 1, on the basis of the list which had been submitted. I think I should read the entire list, if I may, of Hot Springs. I was there as chairman. Admiral Hart as vice chairman. Edward W. Allen, of Seattle. Hon. Frances P. Bolton. Ralph Bunche. Robert D. Calkins, dean of the School of Business at Columbia. Frank Coe, Assistant Administrator, Foreign Economic Administration. Arthur G. Coons, dean of the faculty and professor of economics at Occidental College, Los Angeles. Len De Caux, publicity director of the CIO. Rupert Emerson, Director, Liberated Areas Branch, FEA. Col. Daniel C. Fahey, Jr., member, Operations Division, War Department General Staff." Frederick V. Field, who is listed here as executive vice chairman, Council for Pan American Democracy. Mrs. Frank A. Gerbode, member of the executive committee of the San Francisco Bay region of the American Council. Huntington Gilchrist, executive, American Cyanamid Co. He later became chairman of the Pacific Council. William C. Johnstone, director of Washington study program of the IPR. Felix M. Keesing, professor of anthropology, Stanford University. Grayson Kirk, who is now the provost and vice president of Columbia University, then a research associate, institute of international studies at Yale. Owen Lattimore, director, Walter Hines Page Sschool of International Relations, Johns Hopkins University. J. A. MacKay, vice president of the National City Bank, New York. Maj. Gen. Frank R. McCoy, who was then president of Foreign Policy Association. George Abbot Morison, the vie chairman of Bucyrus-Erie Co., of Milwaukee. Laurence Salisbury, editor of the Far Eastern Survey. Eugene Staley, School of Advanced International Studies, Washington. Laura Thompson, coordinator of research in administration, Society for Applied Anthropology. J. Parker Van Zandt, research associate of the Brookings Institution. John Carter Vincent, Chief, Division of Chinese Affairs, Department of State. Also W. W. Waymack, of the Les Moines Register. Raymond Dennett, secretary of the American Council. MONT TREMBLANT DELEGATION, 1942 Senator SMITH of New Jersey. Dr. Jessup, it was suggested to me by Dr. Kalijarvi, of our staff, that you just read the list of the Hot Springs delegates of 1945. Ambassador JESSUP. That is correct. Senator SMITH of New Jersey. I was asking about the Mont Tremblant delegation in 1942. There are some of the same names, but gen erally speaking the list varies a great deal. Ambassador JESSUP. That is correct, sir. The letter I referred to was my letter to Raymond Dennett of August 1, 1944, which did refer to the original suggestion for the delegations to Hot Springs. But the list of delegates to the Mont Tremblant Conference of 1942 from the American Council were as follows: I was chairman. Ralph Bunche-I will just mention those names which occur on the previous list. Frank Coe, Board of Economic Warfare. Laughlin Currie, Assistant to the President. Len De Caux-I have already mentioned him in the other list. Edwin R. Embree, president, Julius Rosenwald Fund, Chicago. Brooke Emeny, president of the Foreign Affairs Council of Cleveland. Maxwell W. Hamilton, Chief of the Division of Far Eastern Affairs, Department of State. Francis Burton Harrison, former Governor-General of the Philippines. Stanley K. Hornbeck, Adviser, Political Relations, Department of State. Owen Lattimore, political adviser to Generalissimo Chiang Kaishek. Frank McCoy that was General McCoy, who is still listed as president of the Foreign Policy Association. Edgar A. Mowrer, Office of War Information. Leo Pasvolsky, Special Assistant, Secretary of State. Elbert D. Thomas, the Senator from Utah. Jacob Viner, Adviser of the Treasury Department. Admiral Harry E. Yarnell. I think my copy has a mistake in his initial. Senator SMITH of New Jersey. That list does not quite coincide with the recommendations. Ambassador JESSUP. No, it does not, and what I wanted to point out was that we went through long processes trying to get a representative list. As I say, on the 31st Dennett had written me giving me a long list of people in various categories and I had included in my list the ones which it seemed to me would be proper for inclusion in the delegation. Senator BREWSTER. The thing that puzzles me, Dr. Jessup, is that here, 2 years after you concluded that Mr. Field was certainly following a line very different from yours-I do not know just how you would phrase it, when he followed the Communist reversal-you were recommending him as a delegate. Now, how do you explain that? Ambassador JESSUP. I explain that, sir, by the fact that Field was still in the organization and was still a trustee and was still active in the organization. Senator BREWSTER. Although you then knew that he was apparently following the Communist line? Ambassador JESSUP. That is correct, sir. Senator BREWSTER. Is that not a rather puzzling situation? I think if you will follow through the question of Field's continuing relationship with the organization it goes, as I recall, up to 1947 after I, myself, had no longer any official position, even as a member of the board of trustees. The question as to Field's position arose several times during that period. As I have already pointed out, I think, under the constitution and bylaws of the American Council, the trustees were selected, rotating 3-year terms, by a vote of the membership, and the persons who were voted on by the members were elected. QUESTION OF FIELD'S CONTINUATION IN THE IPR Now, consideration was given, particularly in 1947, to the situation of the continuation of Field in the organization. It was taken up, I believe, at a meeting of the board of trustees. I was not there. Senator BREWSTER. Were you still a member? Ambasador JESSUP. I had terminated my service on the board of trustees in 1945. I resigned in December 1945. I was not a participant in this. Prior to that time there had been questions raised by various members as to the continuation of Field in the organization. But the fact was that out of a membership of some 2,000, representing a great many people with different points of view, that Field was reelected to the board and therefore was a member of the board. In 1942 and in 1944 Field may have been on the executive committee. I will check in a moment. I believe Field had been at practically all of the international conferences of the IPR. He still was active in the organization and he was still included in meetings of this kind. Senator BREWSTER. I gathered that you had lost confidence in him. I gathered that from something you said earlier. It it not true that at the time of the switch you knew he was not sincere and was not following the principles you believed and was reverting to the Communist line? Ambassador JESSUP. Yes, sir. Senator BREWSTER. And yet for 3 to 5 years thereafter he continued in not only intimate relation to the institute, but here you recommended he be a delegate. That was entirely your own action. You recommended one whom you had every reason to believe had strong Communist inclinations for so responsible an association. RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY THE BAY REGION COMMITTEE Ambassador JESSUP. That is correct, sir. Now, I would like to refer in that connection to this meeting of the trustees which I referred to which took place in 1947. I will be glad to put it in the record. I think it indicates a point of view which I shared through this period of these conferences in 1942 and 1945. This was a meeting of the board of trustees which was held in March, March 18, 1947. The question before the meeting at this stage was a resolution or resolutions adopted by the Bay Region Commit |