pretty experiment of the blood of one dog let out, till he died, into the body of another on one side, while all his own ran out on the other side. The first died upon the place, and the other very well, and likely to do well.' But not content with transfusing the blood of the same species into another specimen they tried the transfusion of sheep's blood into a man's veins, apparently with no ill-effect, but the account of it contains a curious story about Dr Caius, who re-founded the College of Gonville and Caius at Cambridge. The Thomas Muffet or Moffett mentioned below was a physician and author of 'De Jure et Præstantia Chemicorum Medicamentorum Dialogus Apologeticus' (1584), from which Christopher Bennet (1617-55) compiled his Health's Improvement, or Rules for Preparing all sorts of Food.'

'And good discourse; amongst the rest, of a man that is a little frantic, that hath been a kind of minister, Dr Wilkins saying that he hath read for him in his church, that is poor and a debauched man, that the College have hired for 20s. to have some of the blood of a sheep let into his body; and it is to be done on Saturday next. They purpose to let in about twelve ounces; which, they compute, is what will be let in in a minute's time by a watch. On this occasion, Dr Whistler told a pretty story related by Muffet, a good author, of Dr Caius, that built Caius College; that, being very old, and living only at that time upon woman's milk, he, while he fed upon the milk of an angry, fretful woman, was so himself; and then, being advised to take it of a good-natured, patient woman, he did become so, beyond the common temper of his age.'

The 'poor and debauched' man who was a little frantic' seems to have stood the transfusion well, as the following note testified:

'I was pleased to see the person who had his blood taken out. He speaks well, and did thus give the Society a relation thereof in Latin, saying that he finds himself much better since, and as a new man, but he is cracked a little in his head, though he speaks very reasonably, and very well. He had but 20s. for his suffering it, and is to have the same again tried upon him.'

Obviously in the Stewart times the knowledge of respiration was only at its beginning, and in 1660 Pepys

krecords that Sir George Ent (1604-89), afterwards de President of the College of Physicians, 'pleased me most... about respiration; that it is not to this day i known, or concluded on, among physicians, nor to be f done either, how the action is managed by nature, or for what use it is.'

Pepys, although a generous man at times, was fond of his money, and was not in a hurry to part with it, ft and I think there is a certain note of regret in his statement in the spring of 1668: 'With Lord Brouncker to the Royal Society, where they had just done; but there I was forced to subscribe, to the building of a College, and did give 40%.' There was a good deal of 'science,' falsely so-called, and superstition still lingering, just as it lingers to-day, only to-day it has taken the form of crystal-gazing, palm-reading, table-turning, and other forms of credulity. At table I had a very good discourse with Mr Ashmole, wherein he did assure me that frogs and many insects do often fall from the sky, ready formed.' Mr Ashmole bequeathed his great collections to the University of Oxford on condition that a suitable building be built to receive them, and this was done according to the designs of Sir Christopher Wren. Ashmole's collections were then added to those of Tradescant, whose name is rather unfairly displaced by that of his successor. There is an old tradition that when swallows disappear they hide under water, and even in the times of Gilbert White he seems to think that they hibernated instead of migrating. Pepys's account was very circumstantial. But an even clearer narration is that of Mr Templer, who discourses on serpents, larks, and tarantulas. Swallows are often brought up in their nets out of the mud from under water, hanging together to some twig or other, dead in ropes; and brought to the fire will come to life.' Dr Johnson held the same opinion. He states: Swallows certainly sleep all the winter. A number of them conglobulate together, by flying round and round, and then all in a heap throw themselves under water, and lye in the bed of a river.' Further, at

'my Lord Crewe's, where one Mr Templer, an ingenious man and a person of honour he seems to be, dined; and, discoursing of the nature of serpents, he told us some in the

waste places of Lancashire do grow to a great bigness, and do feed upon larks, which they take thus ;-They observe when the lark is soared to the highest, and do crawl till they come to be just underneath them; and there they place themselves with their mouth uppermost, and there, as is conceived, they do eject poison up to the bird; for the bird do suddenly come down again in its course of a circle, and falls directly into the mouth of the serpent; which is very strange. He is a great traveller; and, speaking of the tarantula, he says that all the harvest long (about which times they are most busy) there are fiddlers go up and down the fields everywhere, in expectation of being hired by those that are stung.'

Twelve years after the Diary was brought to an end, Pepys, who was then in his forty-ninth year and had recently been 'jockeyed out his Secretaryship,' received an interesting suggestion, which is thus recorded in Mr Percy Lubbock's 'Pepys':

...

'In the. year, 1681, there was a chance that Pepys might find a highly congenial retreat at Cambridge, where he would have leisure to devote himself to his long-planned history of the navy. A friend of his, by name Maryon, a Fellow of Clare Hall, wrote to say that Sir Thomas Page, Provost of King's, was just dead, and to suggest that Pepys might like to succeed him; the Provostship of King's was worth 7007. a year, and he felt sure that Pepys' candidature would be acceptable to the College and to the whole University. The proposal was a tempting one; Pepys modestly declared that his "stock of academic knowledge" was not such as a Provost of King's ought to possess, but he was evidently pleased with the idea.'

It is a pity that the diarist was so modest. He would have conferred distinction on the College, which is more than can be said for Sir Thomas Page's successor, John Coplestone, who does not even attain the dignity of being mentioned in the Dictionary of National Biography, and about whom Austen Leigh, in the History of his College, says that he was born at Lyme and had the living of Chagford and he was called a good preacher and an honest man.' The only act recorded of him as Provost is administering to all the Fellows the oaths against the right of the Pope to excommunicate Princes and against transubstantiation.

Although Pepys did not make one single advance in natural knowledge, he was in frequent communication

with philosophers. He consults Sir Isaac Newton on the mathematical law of hazard, and Newton explains it with much learning. The man to whom Willoughby's Historia Piscium' (1685-86), Dr Richard Cumberland's Essay on Jewish weights and measures (1686), and, lastly, the South Sea Voyages and Discoveries of Sir John Narborough' (1694), are all dedicated must have been a man of weight in the scientific world. But he was interested in all sorts of things. He formed a collection of letters giving the experience of numerous friends on the subject of Scotch second sight. On Nov. 24, 1666, the Diary records: To read the late printed discourse of witches by a member of Gresham College; the discourse being well writ, in good style, but methinks not very convincing.' This is a reference to the 'Philosophical Considerations touching Whitches and Witchcraft,' by Joseph Glanvill (1660). In looking over his innumerable papers to select what was worth keeping he found two or three notes which he thought fit to keep. These contain charms for the staunching of blood, against cramp, and against burning. They are set out in full in the Diary on the last day of 1664. After his retirement Pepys still entertained as long as his health lasted every Saturday night a number of the virtuosi, and seems to have found much comfort in their presence. One cannot close this article in a better way than by quoting what Evelyn writes of his friend on the day of Pepys's death:

"This day died Mr Sam Pepys, a very worthy, industrious, and curious person, none in England exceeding him in knowledge of the navy, in which he had passed thro' all the most considerable offices, Clerk of the Acts and Secretary of the Admiralty, all of which he performed with great integrity. When K. James II went out of England he laid down his office and would serve no more, but withdrawing himselfe from all public affaires, he liv'd at Clapham with his partner, Mr Hewer, formerly his clerk, in a very noble and sweete place, where he enjoyed the fruits of his labours in great prosperity.' 'He was universally belov'd, hospitable, generous, learned in many things, skilled in music, a greate cherisher of learned men of whom he had the conversation.'

A. E. SHIPLEY.

Art. 2.-SUGGESTIONS FOR FARMERS.

THE development in this country of agricultural machinery synchronises with the passing of the oldtime agricultural labourer. Elderly farmers will tell you that, when they were children, the village held a surplus of workers. While there were many men whose record of regular employment might extend for fifty or even sixty years before Time beckoned them from the field to the fireside, there were others in the village who had some small business or occupation that they were prepared to leave in time of emergency, in order to help with the making of the hay or the ingathering of the corn. There were children and to spare, ready and able to help the mothers when the strawberries, the peas, or the hops were ripe. There were thatchers in plenty, and men who earned a fair living by mole-draining, and were content to trim a neglected hedge for the wood it yielded, or to clean ditches and free the banks of small rivers from the obstructions that led to the flooding of the lower lands and the accumulation of dead water.

Those who tell of these times are speaking of more than fifty years ago. Since then the number of workers on the land has declined by something like half a million, and the arable acreage is probably less by four millions. Countless cottages have disappeared. Many were held under obsolete tenures, copyhold being one of the worst of these, and when a man died leaving heirs who were unable to pay the necessary fine or herriot to the lord of the manor, neither side could take possession, and by the time the owner was able to enforce his rights, the cottage, never stoutly built, had passed beyond repair. I have seen some of these copyhold cottages in East Anglia with windows broken by the village boys, thatch riddled by starlings, and thistles forcing their way through the scanty floor-boards; the tragedy that brooded over them fell upon the spirit that is within or beyond the sense. Little wonder if the population of the hamlets has tended to decline.

The Small Holdings Act of 1908 and the Land Settlement Act that followed the war, may between them have placed thirty thousand men on the land; but the cost of the post-war measure was in the neighbourhood