Secretary ACHESON. Very well, I shall be very glad to do that, Mr. Mundt.

Mr. MUNDT. Thank you very much.

I have just one other question to ask in the first round of questions: That deals with item No. 1 on page 1 of the bill, where we refer to sending persons in the employ of the Government of the United States overseas as monitors and advisers and counsel.

I am talking now only of the nonmilitary personnel.

I mean, first of all, if the advance is to be made, certainly it is highly important that we do send counselors and monitors along to see that the advances are properly used.

That is the first page of the bill, item No. 2 at the bottom.

I know, and you know, that since this has been openly declared to be an ideological warfare, the American Communists are going to utilize every conceivable device to try to plant some of their people among those being sent from this country to Greece, to sabotage the efforts. I propose to offer an amendment to the bill which will provide that before any people are sent overseas they should be screened by the FBI and given clearance by the FBI.

Do you see anything undesirable about such an amendment being incorporated in this bill?

Secretary ACHESON. Of course, we would undertake to do that in

any event.

Whether the Congress wants to tell us exactly how to screen people, that is up to the Congress. If you wish to do that I will not object to it.

Mr. MUNDT. I believe that is a function of Congress.

Secretary ACHESON. I do not say it is a wise thing to write in the bill, but I am not going to object to it.

Mr. MUNDT. It may be a safe precaution.

Chairman EATON. Mr. Kee.

Mr. KEE. Mr. Secretary, I would like to inquire what arrangements have been made with reference to the expenditures of this fund and how the expenditures will be administered in both countries.

Secretary ACHESON. Judge Kee, I should like to have that question answered in detail, and have it come authoritatively from Under Secretary Clayton.

I think if I were to speak broadly to the question, it would be this: That under the bill, there is authorization for the various departments in this Government to do procurement work in the United States.

I think it would be desirable, so far as possible, to have the expenditures in this country made directly by the departments of the Government of the United States.

The various goods then can be sent to their destination, and there, under the supervision of the American mission, they would be utilized in a way provided by some agreement between the countries concerned and ourselves.

Mr. KEE. I presume that arrangements will be made, that there will be no duplication or conflict in the expenditure of this fund, insofar as Greece is concerned, and with regard to the expenditure provided for in the relief bill recently reported out and now in consideration by the House.

Secretary ACHESON. That will not be possible, Mr. Kee, because the amounts are too closely figured for that.

Mr. KEE. I think that is all, Mr. Chairman, for the present.
Chairman EATON. Mr. Jonkman.

Mr. JONKMAN. You referred to $100,000,000 and $125,000,000 that would be made available to Turkey and the balance to Greece. Now the money used in Greece would be for both economical and military aid, would it not?

Secretary ACHESON. Yes, sir, that is correct.

Mr. JONKMAN. Would that also be true of Turkey? Is Turkey in need of economic aid?

Secretary ACHESON. Let me put it this way: If Turkey were not subjected to the pressures to which Turkey is subjected by the necessities of its maintaining, in its judgment, a complete mobilization of its forces, I think Turkey would be in a position to go to the International Bank and solve its economic problems in that way.

Unfortunately, that is not the case, so that Turkey needs assistance in two ways.

In the first place, they need assistance to do what is necessary to modernize their defenses and thus reduce the manpower necessary to man them. Secondly, she needs insofar as possible, to reduce the drain on her foreign exchange in supplying material for her armed forces which are necessary to the general economy of the country. Insofar as Turkey can produce herself things she needs, either for her army or her civilian population the drain on her foreign exchange is reduced.

Mr. JONKMAN. I think the drain on Greece is for military and police purposes. Is that also true of Turkey?

Secretary ACHESON. It is for the purpose of allowing Turkey to maintain her national integrity. Turkey is obviously not embarking on any foreign adventures.

Mr. JONKMAN. Is that to strengthen Turkey's army for defense purposes or police purposes?

Secretary ACHESON. I mean defense purposes.

Mr. JONKMAN. Would that not be something coming under the function of and province of the United Nations, to see that she needs no army for defense purposes?

Secretary ACHESON. We most certainly hope that the United Nations would prevent aggression. I think if you were a Turk, you would observe that as yet the United Nations has no armed forces at its disposal, and you would hesitate somewhat in placing your sole reliance in that field.

Mr. JONKMAN. Do you think $100,000,000, or $125,000,000 would put Turkey in a position to defend herself?

No amount of money

Secretary ACHESON. No, I do not think so. is going to put Turkey in a position to defend herself against some possible attacks. What it is designed to do and what it would do, we hope and believe, is to prevent an economic disintegration, which the present strain, if continued would tend to produce."

Mr. JONKMAN. Could you devote just a moment to the economic purpose within Greece? The FAO report which you referred to proposed a long-range plan through which we would have to install hydroelectric plants and irrigation systems in order to make the farm

land that is there more productive, and at the same time to take an excessive farm population off the farm. Is that a part of the plan?

Secretary ACHESON. As I recall it, that is in recommendations of the Food and Agricultural Organization.

Mr. JONKMAN. Has the Department adopted the FAO plan?

Secretary ACHESON. No, we would not say that. We were not asked to adopt it and we are not adopting it.

What I was trying to point out a moment ago is that the FAO plan is mainly a long-range plan for the Greek Government. It contains recommendations made to the Greek Government and involves the Greek Government applying to international institutions, to wit, the International Bank, for funds, to carry it out.

I was trying to bring out in my statement that we were in this bill dealing with an emergency situation. If we deal successfully with it, then the Greek Government will be in a position to carry out a longrange program, whether it is the one recommended to it in this report, or some other, it is for the Greek Government to decide. Chairman EATON. The time of the gentleman has expired. Mr. Richards.

Mr. RICHARDS. Mr. Secretary, I am glad you have dealt with the matter of responsibility, or lack of responsibility, or the inability of the United Nations organization to meet the requirements of a situation like this in Greece.

It seems that some of the press of the country and a great many other well-informed people consider this to be an acknowledgment of the failure of the United Nations Organization. Russia is now sounding off along that line.

I wish to read to you a quotation on this line from Pravda, the organ of the Communist Party of Russia. It is as follows:

"Why did the United States not bring the matter to the United Nations if something really threatened Greece's integrity?"

I would appreciate it if you will answer that more explicitly from the American viewpoint.

Secretary ACHESON. I attempted to do that in my initial statement, Mr. Richards, and I think I covered it fully there. Or is it your desire that I repeat it'

Mr. RICHARDS. I wish you would amplify and clarify what you have said in your written statement. I am asking for a direct American answer to the Russian query.

Secretary ACHESON. Perhaps saying something two or three times does clarify it.

Mr. RICHARDS. I am not asking you to repeat anything. I only want you to be more convincing in your argument that UNO is not being bypassed by this proposal.

Secretary ACHESON. At any rate, I shall be glad to try. I pointed out that Greece had asked United Nations for help along one line, and has asked the United States for help along another line.

Greece had said to the United Nations that there is an insurrection against the authority of its government and the northern part of its territory.

It said that that insurrection is financed, aided and trained from across the border. That is in the three countries to the north of Greece.

It said that these bands go back and forth across the border when they are pursued, seeking refuge and obtaining it in these foreign countries.

It has asked the United Nations to take steps to prevent the continuance of this situation.

The United Nations is doing that. With the strong support of the United States a commission was sent out to Greece and these other countries concerned and is now making an investigation on the spot.

I said that that is peculiarly a problem for the United Nations. Now Greece has other problems. It has the problem of imminent economic collapse, which, if this country does not step into the picture and give aid, will occur in a matter of weeks. In fact, it would occur now if it was known definitely that the United States would not extend aid.

To solve that problem, which is a matter of weeks, the Greek Government has turned to the Government of the United States. As I pointed out by reading from the Food and Agriculture Organization Report, that is a recommendation which an organ of the United Nations, an affiliated organization itself made to Greece upon an occasion months ago.

There is no one else who can supply the aid other than the United States.

If Greece went to the United Nations for this emergency help, all that Greece could accomplish by doing that, would be, after some delay, to have the United Nations ask various other nations to help Greece on an emergency basis, financially and economically.

The only other nation besides the United States that would, conceivably, be able to enter the picture would be the British, and the crisis occurs because the British have said that they cannot any longer continue to help.

Therefore, to go to the United Nations would merely be to take a very roundabout route to come back to where Greece is now.

Instead of doing that, Greece has followed the advice of the FAO Commission that went out to advise her and has directly asked the United States for help.

Chairman EATON. The time of the gentleman has expired.
Mrs. Bolton.

Mrs. BOLTON. Mr. Secretary, I am sure that you will agree that it is particularly important that the Congress and the people of this country understand the basic attitudes that lie behind this legislation.

I would like to ask you at this point whether the State Department is developing methods by which to make it very clear to all the people of this country and the world at large that we are not trying to step into the shoes of Great Britain: That we propose to put on shoes of our own; that we are not pursuing a policy parallel with that of Britain in this area, remembering that we have no empire and desire none, that our traditions and commitments in the area have been consistently different from Britain's. If we have affinity with Britain, it is perhaps in our mutual interests in preventing the domination of the world by any one power and preserving peace in the future. I wonder if the State Department is developing any methods by which these points shall be made clear, if they represent the attitude of the State Department.

Secretary ACHESON. I think my present ordeal is part of that effort, and of course we are trying to make available everything we can that bears on this question.

Mrs. BOLTON. Have you made any statements that particularly take up any of these points of mine?

Secretary ACHESON. I am sure we must have, because all of those statements sound like good doctrine to me.

Mrs. BOLTON. Would you say that these statements put into words the attitude of the State Department?

Secretary ACHESON. Well, I do not wish to be held to account at some future date for a snap judgment on a matter which you read rather hastily, Mrs. Bolton.

As I understood what you said, I would agree entirely with it. We are approaching this from an American point of view.

We are not attempting, as you said, to step into the shoes of anybody. We are attempting to do something which if we do not do it, will not be done, and will produce very disastrous results not only to the whole world but specifically to the United States.

Mrs. BOLTON. That is all, Mr. Chairman.

Chairman EATON. Mr. Jarman.

Mr. JARMAN. Mr. Secretary, considerable has been said to the effect that this policy is an extension of the Monroe Doctrine throughout the world.

Do you so consider it or not?

Secretary ACHESON. No, I do not. I think that is a very loose and confused way of dealing with a specific situation.

If you wish me to attempt to struggle with why it is not the Monroe Doctrine, I shall do so, but I have no idea what will come out of the loud speakers.

Mr. JARMAN. I thoroughly agree with your thought that it is a very loose way to consider it and I doubt that in 5 minutes you have time to struggle with it as you say.

However, for the clarification of the American people, I do think it advisable that that be done, not during this 5-minute period, if time is available afterward and if you would like to do it, I would like to have it done. If not, I think the State Department or the President or someone should clarify it.

Now I have one other thing: It is natural for Communists, both within and without the country to refer to this proposal as intervention by us in Greece and Turkey.

Merely for the sake of emphasis, as I recall, you said Turkey had for some time been applying to us for assistance.

Secretary ACHESON. Turkey has approached to the Export-Import Bank, and other institutions for loans substantially greater than any contemplated amount in this bill.

Mr. JARMAN. In other words, as I understand it, everything proposed to be done in this bill, has been definitely requested by the countries concerned?

Secretary ACHESON. That is true.

Mr. JARMAN. Therefore, it could not possibly, by any stretch of the imagination be considered by any reasonable and well-intentioned person to be intended as any intervention on the part of this country? Secretary ACHESON. That is quite right, Mr. Jarman.

Chairman EATON. The time allotted to the gentleman is expired. Mr. Smith.

Mr. SMITH. Mr. Secretary, I am assuming that you are familiar with the President's address to Congress a week ago.