Men trained on United States equipment can be relied upon to recommend the same sort of machinery and tools when they go out into industry.

There will be a larger demand for water pipe, sewer pipe, and plumbing fixtures as a result of our efforts to demonstrate the effects on public health of good water supply and proper sewage disposal. Farm machinery will be in greater demand. Pure-bred stock will be called for. Doctors in 17 republics are growing accustomed to using United States pharmaceuticals under Institute guidance.

It is estimated that there are now many million more persons wearing shoes than there were 10 years ago in Latin America; of course, the Institute cannot take credit for all of this, but its campaign against hookworm has helped.

In general, it may be stated that everything done by the corporation tends to raise the standard of living.

After these people see our health education movies and see how hookworm attacks through the bloodstream and the stomach, they go out and the first thing they do is buy sandals or shoes and wear them from then on.

We show cur pictures to that type of people; they are geared to the lowest denominator in intelligence.

With higher living standards come greater demands for all sorts of manufactured goods. It is suggested that the sort of cooperation to be carried on by the new corporation will do much to influence LatinAmerican opinion in favor of the United States and its products.

Description: The new organization for which a Federal charter is petitioned proposed to take over the operations of the two corporations now engaged in this work; that is, The Institute of Inter-American Affairs and the Inter-American Educational Foundation. It contemplates an organization with a headquarters in Washington and three divisions operating somewhat reduced programs in Latin-American countries as follows: Health and sanitation-tentative scale of operations, six programs. Food supply-tentative scale of operations, four programs. Education-tentative scale of operations, six

programs.

The location of these programs will be as designated by the State Department as indicated by national interest. It is contemplated that the programs will be cooperative programs, carried on jointly by the host government and the new corporation. This form of cooperation has been shown to be highly successful in the past.

The need for maintaining hemisphere strength and understanding is as important today, when freedom-loving peoples are attempting to build a lasting peace, based on international law and democratic concepts, as it ever has been in the past.

In cur rightful concern over developments in eastern Europe and Asia we should not make the mistake of overlooking the pressing problems which also threaten the welfare, stability, and strength of our friendly neighbor nations on the American Continents.

The cooperative programs of the Institute and Foundation, which give tangible expression to the good-neighbor policy by demonstrating continued United States good will, are effectively counteracting the growth of totalitarian ideas. They are proving in practice that democ racy holds out greater hope to the people than do the repressive ideologies imported from Europe.

These are the only cooperative-action programs being conducted by this Government in Latin America. If they come to an end, there are no comparable activities which can take their place.

The amount of money needed to continue this work at a minimum level is very small when compared to the amounts allotted for relief and rehabilitation in other parts of the world, or to the amounts we are spending for the defense of the hemisphere.

These programs show great vision and sympathetic understanding of the problems confronting our neighbors to the south on the part of these responsible for our foreign relations. They should not be allowed to pass into oblivion.

Mr. JONKMAN. Thank you.

I wonder if we should not bring out first what the immediate cause of this legislation is.

Have you a question, Mr. Kee?

M. KEE. Yes; thank you, Mr. Chairman.

I note that this new organization proposed to take over two existing organizations, one the same name as the new organization will bear, and the other, the Inter-American Educational Foundation, Inc.

I note also that neither of these former or now existing corporations have a national charter. They are chartered under the State laws of Delaware, and were so chartered about 5 years ago.

Colonel HARRIS. That is right.

Mr. KEE. This combines the two charters and turns it over to this new corporation to be chartered by the Congress.

Colonel HARRIS. In a nutshell, that is exactly it, sir.

Mr. KEE. How were the two organizations, the two existing corporations financed, by Government appropriations, or by contributions from the countries served, together with contributions from this country, or just how were they operated and financed?

Colonel HARRIS. They were operated entirely by Government money. We have a list here which we submitted to Mr. Marshall, sir, which shows in detail how our money was obtained.

Excuse, me, sir, there is one question that might be misleading:

As you will see from this, the Institute will have by the end of 1948 spent $65,000,000, but there has also been put in by foreign governments a great deal of money totaling, I believe, in the neighborhood of about $35,000,000, in this joint-funds arrangement we have. Mr. KEE. It is a ratio of about 2 to 1.

I am rather surprised at the modesty of the cost, because it runs over a period of 6 years.

Colonel HARRIS. They were first organized in 1942 and these figures run up to 1948.

Mr. KEE. I think that is all.

You simply want to combine the operations of the two organizations into one under a national charter and continue the work? Colonel HARRIS. Yes.

Mr. KEE. The work of the single organization will now be financed just the same as the other. In other words, you will come to Congress for appropriations?

Colonel HARRIS. Yes; but there is one point that I think I should make clear, sir, and that is that the Government Corporations Control Act which controls all State corporations, wholly Government-owned State corporations, decrees that they have to be terminated on June

30, 1948, so our work ceases at that time unless the Congress authorizes a new charter.

We are especially anxious to present it to Congress at this session, because it is very difficult to hold an organization together in the field if it has no hope for continuing, or if its personnel are liable to be out of a job next month, let us say.

The first good offer they get they will take, and it is difficult to get doctors and educators to take this job, at least, good ones, unless they have some hope for continuing.

Mr. KEE. That is all.

Mrs. DOUGLAS. This is the work stemming out of the work that Mr. Rockefeller did?

Colonel HARRIS. That is right.

Mrs. DOUGLAS. This is what is left of it?

Colonel HARRIS. Yes; except the part taken over by Mr. Benton. Mrs. DOUGLAS. If Congress does not pass this bill the United States will have no other such program operating in the interests of the South American countries?

Colonel HARRIS. None of these cooperative-type programs.

Mrs. DOUGLAS. What were the names of the contributing countries? Colonel HARRIS. Practically every country we went into, madam. That was one of the terms of the agreement: "You put in so much and we will put in so much."

That is shown also on this chart.

Mrs. DOUGLAS. I am sorry I did not hear the first part of your statement, but did you give any examples to show what had been accomplished by this program?

Colonel HARRIS. You mean what we have been doing?

Mrs. DOUGLAS. I mean, did you specifically list results in combating certain diseases?

Colonel HARRIS. I gave it in general, as an over-all picture, as to how many health centers, hospitals, and the like, that we have b.en handling, but that was a combination of all.

Mrs. DOUGLAS. Are there figures which show the improvement in the health conditions of those countries where you have been working? Colonel HARRIS. I'll describe a specific case: At the head of the Magdalena River, which is the river going from Barranquilla up toward Bogota, which, before the railroads were built, had all the traffic which went into the interior of Colombia, for 400 years it has been one of the pestholes of the world.

There was about 80 percent malaria. It was hard to get people to live at the town where all the boats had to be unloaded.

It was hard to get the laborers to unload those boats, and when you got them they were filled with malaria.

Ten years ago the Rockefeller Foundation went in there and built a drainage ditch from one of the swamps out to the back of the town, and said, "If you build drainage ditches to the swamp and this swamp and this swamp, you will have no more malaria."

They said, "That is fine," and the Rockefeller Foundation went away. They built no more ditches, and the one ditch that had been built silted up soon.

We came in and built, with the help of the Colombian Government, these ditches. When I was there in January there had not been a malaria-carrying mosquito caught in 3 months.

The malaria index had gone down from something like 75 to 3, and they claim that these 3 did not originate there, that they came in from outside.

Later labor flocked to this place because it is a healthful place to live. The houses are even being painted-for the first time in 40 or 50 years. They are building a new hotel.

Land, when I was there, had gone up 300 percent in the last year. Labor is now quite efficient. They are not now weighted down with malaria, and the whole thing presents a good picture. Steamers can get unloaded now, where it used to take weeks, and it now takes days. Mrs. DOUGLAS. Mr. Chairman, this is the kind of example we should have when we present this bill on the floor of the House. I have this to add: We will really build friendship between ourselves and the Latin-American people-firm, lasting friendship-if we will continue to help them fight disease and poverty.

STATEMENT OF DR. RICHARD J. PLUNKETT, DIRECTOR, DIVISION OF HEALTH AND SANITATION

Dr. PLUNKETT. Colonel Harris, I have the figures on the total work done if you would like to have them.

The work is organized on a project basis in each country. There may be anywhere from 20 to 100 different projects. One project that the colonel was speaking of would be one project, a malaria control in all areas.

On the over-all, there were 534 projects of all kinds. That includes building and construction, operating of hospitals, dispensaries, infirmaries, and various other types of clinics and health centers which are mostly for preventive work; training programs and health-education programs which are usually country-wide, and we have one in every country in which we are working; we have malaria control in watersupply systems, sewage systems, and general community sanitation, and other special programs directed against such diseases as yaws, that is in Hiti and Brazil.

In Haiti alone, we are averaging a treatment, which is the only proventive measure of yaws, up to 20 000 cases per month.

In Guatemala and Mcx'co, we have a special program against cachexia and cnchocerciasis. During the war we had special programs directed toward the general medical care of all personnel working in programs for getting out war materials, such as copper, tin, and as we mentioned, mica and quartz.

Mrs. DOUGLAS. That is fine for now, thank you. I went along with the programs you have just listed. Could we have examples of the results accomplished also listed? It would be helpful. The individual case tells the story. The work in Colombia, for instance, where a community, through help it was given by the United States, began gradually to build itself up into a healthy condition.

I know what good you are doing. I have been in those countries and have seen what malaria does to a people. I do not need to be sold on the worth of your work, but we must sell this program to the other Members of the House. When the United States helps wipe out malaria in a country, it is a very real manifestation of kindness and friendliness.

. I think if we could have examples and some explanation of examples given to show the conditions of want and sickness previous to work done by the United States and what happened as a result of this program, it will be helpful.

Colonel HARRIS. May we send some to you for inclusion in the record?

Mr. JONKMAN: There will be inclusion of these in the record at this point.

(The information referred to is as follows:)

1. Resolution.-Final act of the Twelfth Pan American Sanitary Conference, February 1947: "The Twelfth Pan American Sanitary Conference recognizes the value and the notable effectiveness of the cooperative health programs that are being carried out by the Institute of Inter-American Affairs in the Republics of the Western Hemisphere."

2. Fernando Claro Salas, Minister of Health of Chile: "This program has been executed with brilliant success and has served to bring closer together the links of international understanding in the fields of public health."

3. Dr. M. Adriano Vilanova, Director General of Health and Vice President of the Republic of El Salvador: "In my dual capacity as Director General of Health and Vice President of the Repub'ic, I wish to express to you the satisfaction and gratitude of our Government and people because of the great benefits that the cooperative program between our two countries has brought about and is bringing about in my own nation."

4. American Ambassador to Guatemala, Edw'n K. Kyle: "I wish to make it clear that I do not believe a great deal in the Santa Claus work that has been carried on by various agencies of our Government through these countries. I do not consider that this approaches in any way that type of work. I want to commend you and your organization for undertaking and putting through this fine cooperative project which I hope will continue for many years to come." 5. Heindrick Warner, South American Methodist So iety: "The work of the Institute of Inter-American Affairs in South America has helped greatly in bringing about a better understanʼing and cooperation among the Americas." 6. Chester Cassel, Union Oil Co. of California representative in Asuncion, Paraguay: "I do not hesitate in saying that the American impact on this country during the post 4 years has been terrific and has had a profound effect in the right direction. Formerly they looked to Europe and were strongly infl'enced by either Fench, German, or Italian ideas and propaganda. They are looking to us for ideological, technical, political, and economic leadership. Paraguayans very definitely want the STICA and SCISP eg icultural and sanitary programs continued (particularly STICA), and are willing to put up increasing proportions of their money to do so."

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7. William J. Orchard, the Committee on Latin-American Cooperation of the Water and Sewage Works Manufacturers Association: "That the work of the Division of Health and Sanitation has been instrumental in furthering good relations between manufacturers in the United States and engireers, sanitary authorities and public-health offi ials in Latin America is without question."

8. Foster Hailey, editorial staff, the New York Times: "I hope the Institute continuance is authorized. It is one of the best of our foreign programs. I should like to see it extended to other countries in time."

9. Elena M. Trejo, M. D., Gatemala City (first woman physician in Guate mala): "I was only a high-school girl when I dreamt of a program that would lift up the standards of my people-went to the States to prepare in order to be able to do something for the Indians. When I came back I found myself facing a colossal problem alone. But one day it was my privilege to witness in a town the work that these trained personnel of the Inter-American Educational Foundation are carrying on, and all at once I saw in their work the beginning of the realization of a dream."

10. Mariano Montealegre C., Secretary of Agriculture, Costa Rica: “Everything that might be said in praise of the Institute of Inter-American Affa'rs appears very inadequate when compared with what it really has done for our country ** ** it is undeniable that the prodretion of fruit and vegetables has increasel, and proof of it is to be found in the exportation thereof at relatively low prices, not only to the Canal Zone but also to the Republic of Panama

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11. President Dumarsais E time. Haiti: "** * But Americans have now shown the contrary by the help they have given us in programs of sanitation,