40-Endnotes 207 FAY REPORT, supra note 1, at 65-67; see also DAIG REPORT, supra note 20, at 19. 20 S. REP NO 84-9, at 32 (1955) Geneva Conventions of the Protection of War Victims: Hearing Before the Senate Comm. on Foreign Relations, 84th Cong.. 1st Sess, at 61 (1955) 270 101 Cong. Rec 9960 (July 6, 1955). 271 DWIGHT D EISENHOWER, CRUSADE IN EUROPE 469 (DOUBLEDAY 1949) (1948) 272 MAJOR GENERAL GEORGE S. PRUGH, LAW AT WAR. VIETNAM. 1964-1973 62 (1991). MAJ GEN GEORGE S PRUGH, VIETNAM STUDIES, LAW AT WAR VIETNAM 1964-1973, at 63 (Dept of the Army 1975) available af http://www.army mil/cmh-pg/books/Vietnam/Law-War/law-04 htm (accessed Jan 20, 2005), see also 64 Dep't of State Bull. 10 (Jan 4, 1971) (White House statement announcing President Nixon's call for application of the 1949 Geneva Conventions to ease "the plight of American prisoners of war in North Viet-Nam and elsewhere in Southeast Asia"); Thomas J. Lepri, Note. Safeguarding The Enemy Within. The Need for Procedural Protections for U.S. Citizens Detained as Enemy Combatants Under Ex Parte Quirin. 71 FORDHAM L. REV. 2565. 2574 (2003) (noting U.S. Army's establishment of widespread Article 5 tribunals in Vietnam to adjudicate POW status of enemy detainees) 274 Col. Fred L. Borch, Review of Honor Bound, 163 MIL. L. REV. 150, 152 (2000) 276 News Transcript Dep't of Defense, Briefing on Geneva Convention, EPW's and War Crimes (Apr. 7, 2003), available at http://www.defense link.mil/transcripts/2003/104072003_1407 genv.html (accessed Jan 21, 2005). Almost 1,200 Article 5 hearings were conducted, resulting in 886 prisoners being determined to be civilians DEPT OF DEFENSE, FINAL REPORT TO CONGRESS: CONDUCT OF THE PERSIAN GULF WAR 578 (1992). Senator John McCain, Speech to the American Red Cross Promise of Humanity Conference (May 6, 1999), avadable at http./www.senate gov/-mccain/index.cfm?fuseaction=Newscenter Viewpressrelease&Content_id=820 (accessed Jan. 21, 2005). 277 John McCain, Commentary, WALL ST J., June 1, 2004, at A16 77 Telephone Interview with Douglas "Pete" Peterson, US Ambassador to Vietnam (Feb. 20, 2004) 279 Field Manual-Interim, supra note 237, at J-2, see also Mike Barber, Army Leams Lesson From Detainee Scandal, SEATTLE POST-INTELL. REP., Nov. 16, 2004, available at http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/local/199763_prison16.html (accessed Jan. 21. 2005) 20 News Transcript. Dep't of Defense Coalition Provisional Authority Briefing (May 10, 2004), available at http://www.defense link mil/transcripts/2004/tr20040510-0742 htm (accessed Jan 21, 2005); see also John Hendren and Elizabeth Shogren, Manne May Be Charged in the Fallouja Killing of an Unarmed Fighter The Footage Airs on Arab TV, Further Tarnishing America's Image, L.A. TIMES, Nov 17, 2004, available at LEXIS, News Library (describing how a recent killing of an Iraqi by a Marine evoked memories of Abu Ghraib and further deepened feelings of fear and anger among Iraqis) See Stuart Grassian & Nancy Friedman, Effects of Sensory Deprivation in Psychiatric Seclusion and Solitary Confinement, 8 INT'L J OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 49, 53-56 (1986), see also Stuart Grassian, Psychopathological Effects of Solitary Confinement, 140 AM J. OF PSYCHIATRY 1450, 1450-51 (1983), Craig Haney, Mental Health Issues in Long-Term Solitary and 'Supermax' Confinement, 49(1) CRIME & DELINQ 124, 130-32 (2003) (reviewing studies) 22 See Foster v. Florida, et al., 537 US 990, 990 (2002) (Breyer, J., dissenting from denial of certiorari): JOHN CONROY, UNSPEAKABLE ACTS, ORDINARY PEOPLE THE DYNAMICS OF TORTURE 47, 170 (2000) (citing Ole Vedel Rasmussen, Medical Aspects of Torture, 37 DANISH MED BULL. 1 (1990)). 23 See, eg Central Intelligence Agency, KUBARK Counterintelligence interrogation, July 1963, at 90, available at http://www2 gwu edu/-nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB122/index htm (accessed Jan, 21, 2005), see also Central Intelligence Agency Human Resources Exploitation Training Manual, 1983, at § K-1, available at http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEB8122/index.htm (accessed Jan 21, 2005). 285 287 See Complaint at 1139-40, Rasul v. Rumsfeld, No 04-1864 (DD.C. filled Oct 27, 2004) Id at 141 Id at 140 Jeffrey Gettleman, The Struggle for fraq The Detainees, NY TIMES, Mar. 9, 2004, at A1 2DAIG REPORT, supra note 20, at 46, 56-8 See, eg., THE 9/11 COMMISSION REPORT FINAL REPORT OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION ON TERRORIST ATTACKS UPON THE UNITED STATES 363-64 (July 22, 2004) (TLJong-term success [in efforts to pursue al Qaeda) demands the use of all elements of national power diplomacy, intelligence, covert action, law enforcement, economic policy, foreign aid, public diplomacy, and homeland defense. When people lose hope, when societies break down, when countries fragment, the breeding grounds for terrorism are created Economic and political liberties tend to be linked"). "See .g. JOSEPH S NYE SOFT POWER THE MEANS TO SUCCESS IN WORLD POLITICS (2004). 291 James A Baker Ill and Warren Christopher, More Ways to Stay Safe, WASH POST, Dec 17, 2004, at A33 41 Behind the Wre 22 US Government Accountability Office, US Public Diplomacy State Department and Broadcasting Board of Governors Expand Post-9/11 Efforts but Challenges Remain, GAO-04-1061T (Aug. 23, 2004), available at http://www.gao gov/new.Items/d0410611 pdf (accessed Jan. 20, 2005). 294 Edward Cody, China, Others Cnticize US Report on Rights, WASH POST, Mar 4, 2005, at A14 Shawn Donnan, US Faces Questions After Bali Bomb Trial, FIN. TIMES. Mar. 3, 2005, available at http://news. It com/cms/s/ee1c7dba-8c1e-11d9-a895-00000e2511c8,dwp_uuid=46d6f5a8-d280-11d8-b661-00000e2511c8 html **Press Release, White House, President Discusses Military Operation (Mar 23, 2003), available at Neil A Lewis, Red Cross Finds Detainee Abuse in Guantanamo, NY TIMES, Nov 30, 2004, at A1 *See Transcript of Confirmation Hearings of Alberto Gonzales before the Senate Judiciary Committee (Jan. 6, 2005), avail- * John Hendren and Elizabeth Shogren, Marine May Be Charged in the Fallouje Killing of an Unarmed Fighter The Footage 304 Id Daniel Benjamin and Gabriel Welmann, What the Terrorists Have in Mind. NY. TIMES, Oct 27, 2004, at A21. *Human Rights First, DEFENDING SECURITY THE RIGHT TO DEFEND RIGHTS IN AN AGE OF TERRORISM (PRELIM DRAFT) IN (March 2004), available at http://www.humanrights first.org/defenders/hrd_global/Defending_Security_Draft.pdf (accessed Jan. 21, 2005) human rights first FORMERLY THE LAWYERS COMMITTEE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS New York Headquarters Human Rights First 333 Seventh Avenue 13th Floor New York, NY 10001 Tet (212) 845-5200 Fax: (212) 845-5299 Washington, DC Office Human Rights First 100 Maryland Avenue, NE Suite 502 Washington, DC 20002 Tel: (202) 547-5692 Fax (202) 543-5999 "GETTING TO GROUND TRUTH" SUBMITTED FOR THE RECORD BY DEBORAH PEARLSTEIN, DIRECTOR, U.S. LAW AND SECURITY PROGRAM human rights first THE NEW NAME OF LAWYERS COMMITTEE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS Getting to Investigating U.S. Abuses in September 2004 About Us For the past quarter century, Human Rights First (the new name of Lawyers Committee for Human Rents) has worked in the United States and abroad to create a secure and humane world by advancing Justice human dignity and respect for the rule of law. We support human rights activists who fight for basic freedoms and peaceful change at the local level protect refugees in flight from persecution and repression; help build a strong international system of justice and accountability; and make sure human nights laws and principles are enforced in the United States and abroad. Acknowledgements This report was written by Deborah Pearlstein, Director of the U.S. Law and Security Program at Human Rights First. Others who contributed to the report are: Eric Biel, Cynthia Burns, Avi Cover, David Danzig, Andrea Evans, Kenneth Hurwitz, Elisa Massimino, Priti Patel, Michael Posner, and Jill Savitt. This report is available online at www.Human RightsFirst.org. For more information about the report contact. Human Rights First Communications Department at Tel: (212) 845-5245 Printed in the United States. © 2004 Human Rights First All Rights Reserved. New York Headquarters Human Rights First 333 Seventh Avenue 13th Floor New York, NY 10001 Tel: (212) 845-5200 Fax: (212) 845-5299 Washington, DC Office Human Rights First 100 Maryland Avenue, N E Suite 502 Washington, DC 20002 Tel: (202) 547-5692 Fax (202) 543-5999 |