Exchange. If a concern is known to be sound and doing a good business, even if it be a public company, the shares need never be sent home to England for sale; and though a good deal of money is annually borrowed in London to be invested in India, there are comparatively few opportunities for a capitalist in London to invest his money directly in any good Indian mercantile or industrial undertaking. Of course there are exceptions-notably in the case of some of the larger banks, most of which are doing a good business. But we are speaking rather of industrial or trading companies. Some of those whose shares are quoted on the London Stock Exchange are partially or entirely managed from England, and by directors in London, who, however high may be their business qualifications, know very little of India. This fact alone is a fatal bar to the success of any undertaking. It is obvious that any work must be carried on under a disadvantage at an immense distance from the base of operations, and the different condition of things in England and India makes this disadvantage all the greater. Again, it is very difficult for an English Company to secure the services of a good agent or representative on the spot. If a man is sent out from England he probably knows nothing about India. If a man already in India be chosen it is difficult to know as much about him as is desirable; he may turn out a scamp, take to drinking, run away with the money, or die suddenly at a critical juncture. And if the agent should happen to know his business and be generally all that can be desired, he is probably hampered by the directors at home. In one instance that we knew of, an experienced and highly competent engineer,

con

who had undertaken large works in India for a company managed by a board in London, spent the greater part of his time, which should have been devoted to designing and superintending the execution of the work, in replying to the letters received by him every succeeding mail day from head quarters. These letters tained instructions-frequently contradictory, frequently absurd, always always shewing a complete ignorance of the country and of the special character of the work, and frequently involving, if carried out, an abandonment or destruction of all the work that had already been executed!

Even the great railway companies suffer from this distant control by Authority without Experience, though for various reasons they are less injuriously affected by it proportion than smaller com

in

mercial or industrial ventures. Into these reasons we have not space to go at present, nor into the still larger question of Indian Land Tenures, whose nature tends to prevent the investment of capital in agricultural improvements or undertakings of any kind connected with the land. To this most interesting subject ᎳᎾ hope, however, to refer in a future

article.

As an instance of an Indian product which is not exported to England in any quantity, but of which the production might be almost indefinitely developed and the quality improved, both for the Indian and, with cheap carriage, for the English market, is SUGAR. Considering the small value compared with the bulk, we are almost surprised to learn that even as much as 30,000 tons is annually exported to England, though this quantity is not increasing. The natives of India eat little or no

flesh meat, and the amount of sugar that enters into their daily diet can hardly be even imagined. The cultivation of the cane is carried on in most places in the most primitive manner; and the mode of crushing is about the most inefficacious and wasteful that could be devised. One or two sugar factories have already been started in the North-West; that of Shahjehanpore has made the fortunes of its proprietors, and that at Madhopore bids fair to do so, and there is room for hundreds more. In every part of India where sugar-cane will grow, an English mill, with a few English overseers and a fair English capital-for sugar making is expensive -would bring in a safe and certain return at a rate of percentage which would delight the heart of an English investor, and a little good and patient advice to the natives as to the growing of the crops would, in many instances, tend to mutual confidence and increased profits. Confidence is not a native characteristic, but it is very important it should exist between employer and employed, especially in the East. Patience and just dealing will secure it in time-when employer and employed are left to themselves.

Next to wheat, COTTON should be one of the most important articles of export from India to England, and it is a very hopeful sign that while 776,000 bales were shipped in 1875, the export amounted to over a million bales in 1876. But the East India Railway Company charges the same rate for the carriage of cotton to-day as was charged in 1869, when the value of the raw article was double what it is at present, a fact which, considering the distance at which the greater number of the cotton plantations of India are situated from the coast, and the

bulky nature of the goods, may explain why this million tons is not ten millions. We are afraid of wearying our readers; and we will refer to but one more article of Indian produce in detail, namely, LINSEED, and OILSEEDS generally. Linseed is largely grown in Bengal, Nagpoor, and other districts, and it is already being freely exported to England from Calcutta and Bombay. From experiments which have been carefully made in Hull, it is found that St. Petersburgh and Archangel seed produces about 112 lbs. of oil to the quarter; that from the Black Sea, 120 lbs.; that from Calcutta, 128 lbs. ; while that from Bombay yields 140 lbs. to the quarter. Thus the seed grown near the tropics is the richest in oil. There is another still more valuable oil-seed grown in the highest perfection in Nagpoor, which is used in France for making olive oil; and there is practically no limit to the production of oil-bearing seeds in India, if only there were increased facilities for inland transit.

We dare not add to our list, and it would require a volume to complete it. The fact is no one seems to know, or at all events as yet to realise how large a country India is, how inexpressibly fertile, how varied in its climate and products. The slopes of the Himalayas and Nilgerries, the plains of the North-West and Central Provinces, the shores of the Coromandel and the Carnatic will grow almost every known crop; the earth is full of metals and minerals; some two hundred millions of the most docile people upon the face of the earth are willing to work for wages which to our English notions are simply nominal; the whole country is as much our own as England, and a great deal more orderly; and yet

English capital avoids the country, and enriches Spain and Greece, Honduras and Guatemala, Bolivia and Costa Rica. It enables the Turk to oppress the Bulgarian, and the Russian to fight the Turk; it is committed to the charge of gentlemen like Mr. Richard Banner Oakley, and leaves the most important part of the British Empire-the brightest jewel in the Ocean Queen's Crown -impoverished and undeveloped. In India it would enrich him that gives as well as him that takes; as it is, it only too often demoralises the taker, and ruins the giver. And why is this? Chiefly from IGNORANCE. Ignorance on the part of the English public, which might and should be dispelled by the Indian Government; ignorance on

the part of the Indian Government and the Indian officials, who proudly aggravate the very evil whose mere existence should be their shame.

Mr. Buckle's theory that governments cannot after all do much harm is perhaps hopeful, but we do not fancy that Mr. Buckle knew much about India, or he might have modified his views. But inquiry may dispel ignorance, and as soon as Englishmen in England know how much India can do for them, and Englishmen in India know how much they can do for the country, as well as for themselves, India will be on the high road to be what she ought-one of the most flourishing countries on the face of the globe.

ULICK RALPH BURKE.

In making the following notes upon the life of a man distinguished in his sphere, I would prefer them to be regarded rather as fragmentary studies of inner history in this nineteenth century, than as constituting a personal memoir. To those to whom they may have value, I would rather they came as an ethical than as a biographical contribution.

There will, however, be many to whom the knowledge of the personality of the subject may rather add a pleasure than diminish interest; and such will have no difficulty in recognising one of whose special work Mr. Herbert Spencer, in his "Study of Sociology," wrote,-that in the "Investigation of the Laws of Thought,' the application to logic

of methods like those of mathematics constitutes a step far greater in originality and importance than any taken since Aristotle. So that, strangely enough, the assertion that we are backward in appreciating and pursuing abstract knowledge,' and the complaint of Mr. Arnold that our life is wanting in ideas, come at a time when we have lately done more to advance the most abstract and purely ideal science than has been done anywhere else, or during any past period."

The more I try to write about my husband, the more I feel the presumption of the attempt. There was a considerable difference between us in age; and he had been all his life so earnest, while I

was so little accustomed or inclined to take things au grand sérieux, that I am sure he never can have shewn me more than a very small part of his mind. What little insight into it I ever had was gained chiefly by my starting topics of conversation, and his correcting my hastily formed judg ments, or sometimes agreeing with me; so that it is almost impossible for me to say anything about him without speaking more of myself than I like to do. Besides, when he was at home, I always considered that a great deal of my duty consisted in making fun of him, and for him, in order to prevent his intense horror of wilful wrong-doing from preying on his mind and making him morbid. When he went to Oxford or Cambridge, I generally preferred staying at home, so as to have some time to study my children quietly; hence I know very little of what he was like among his equals in intellect. And yet he lived so retired that others seem to know even lessabout him than I; so that it seems to fall to me to try to tell at least something of what he was.

He once spent an evening in the company of Mr. Jowett, at Oxford.. Some one who was present said that he had never heard anything so like the Platonic Dialogues as the conversation between those two.. I can't say I ever heard anything at all like Platonic Dialogues from him. When I have been with him in company, he generally talked