cruise missiles (GLCMs). These actions were undertaken because of Soviet deployments of SS-20 missiles and the unwillingness of the Soviets to agree to INF reductions after 2 years of negotiation. GLCMs are now deployed in the United Kingdom, Italy, Federal Republic of Germany, and Belgium. Construction is ongoing in the Netherlands with scheduled deployment in 1988. NATO deployments are scheduled to continue through 1988 at which time 108 PERSHING Ils and 464 GLCMs will be in Europe unless an arms control agreement reduces LRINF missiles to lower levels.

Full deployment of LRINF missiles will increase NATO's nuclear deterrent capability significantly and partially offset SS-20 deployments. Both the PERSHING II and GLCM systems have ranges exceeding those of other NATO land-based missile systems deployed in Europe and incorporate technologies that make them effective against critical targets. The PERSHING II missile provides an additional capability because it can strike time-urgent targets.

As shown in Figure IV-11, the PERSHING II and GLCM do not compensate fully for deployed Soviet LRINF capabilities. Soviet SS-20 systems, with 3 independently targeted warheads per missile, already greatly outnumber the 572 single warhead missiles that will be made available by NATO LRINF deployments (Figure IV-12). The availability of SS-20 refires and older SS-4s further contribute to the imbalance. In addition, the SS-20 has a much greater range than any NATO LRINF system. As shown on Figure IV-13, the SS-20 can cover the entire European theater, all of East Asia, and other vital areas. The SS-20 can reach most significant targets in Western Europe, even when deployed beyond the NATO LRINF range. In addition, we expect the Soviets to deploy the SSC-X-4 ground-launched cruise missile over the next several years and they are testing a follow-on to the SS-20. Figure IV-14 compares NATO and Warsaw Pact LRINF capabilities. Shorter Range IntermediateRange Nuclear Forces

Shorter range intermediate-range nuclear forces (SRINF) have ranges from beyond the immediate battlefield to 1,800 km. Withdrawal of US PERSHING 1a missiles from Europe was completed in 1985 in conjunction with the deployment of the PERSHING Il systems. With this withdrawal, the German PERSHING 1a missiles are the only SRINF missiles remaining in the NATO inventory. This change is reflected in Figure IV-15.

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Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Aircraft INF aircraft are those land-based, nuclear-capable aircraft with less than intercontinental range. Dualcapable aircraft (DCA) make up the preponderance of the INF systems capable of delivering nuclear weapons beyond the immediate battlefield. Figure IV-16 shows that both the Warsaw Pact and NATO rely heavily on these systems and that the Warsaw Pact holds a significant numerical advantage. The F-111 and TORNADO are currently the only INF aircraft available to NATO with the ability to penetrate enemy defenses at low altitude, day or night, in any weather. NATO will continue to make qualitative and quantitative improvements in its INF aircraft, such as the F-16 and TORNADO. The addition of the F-15E dual-role fighter to the inventory in the early 1990s will significantly improve NATO's all-weather capability. The United States is modernizing the tactical bomb stockpile with enhanced safety and security features to increase effectiveness.

As with NATO systems, most Warsaw Pact INF aircraft are limited to SRINF-equivalent ranges. Only the BACKFIRE, BLINDER, and BADGER bombers are capable of longer ranges.

The LANCE, with its 115 kilometer (km) range, remains our longest range SNF system. The LANCE provides the ground commander an important capability to threaten the massed armored formations favored in Soviet doctrine.

Sea-Based Nuclear Forces

Sea-based nuclear forces consist of strike, antiship, air defense, and antisubmarine warfare systems. Carrier-based aircraft (A-6, A-7, F/A-18) with nuclear bombs continue to provide the United States with a flexible nuclear land-attack and antiship capability. The TOMAHAWK Land-Attack Cruise Missiles (nuclear) (TLAM/N) significantly enhances the ability to strike land targets by providing increased range over carrier aircraft and allowing dispersal of nuclear strike assets over a large number of naval platforms.

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Warsaw Pact**

Compared to other SNF systems, the large number of 155mm howitzers in Europe increases by a factor of five the number of potential SNF delivery systems with which Soviet planners must contend. The W82 modernized 155mm AFAP is in development. This weapon is designed to replace the W48, which is nearing the end of its useful life. The W82 offers a higher yield, increased range, and significantly improved military effectiveness. Until sufficient W82 are fielded, a significant number of the less capable, first generation 155mm AFAPS will be required.

USS NEW JERSEY (BB-62) LAUNCHING A TOMAHAWK

In addition to TLAM/N, various naval forces are equipped with TERRIER nuclear antiair warfare (AAW) missiles, submarine rocket (SUBROC), antisubmarine rocket (ASROC), and B-57 nuclear depth bombs and B-57, B-43, and B-61 nuclear strike bombs.

The Soviet Navy maintains an extensive sea-based non-strategic nuclear force comprising both antisurface warfare (ASUW) and anti-submarine warfare (ASW) systems. The Soviets maintain an inventory of nuclear armed torpedoes as well as ASW depth bombs. Almost all major surface combatants (about 290), all submarines (about 340) as well as a few of the other combatant ships (some 31) carry at least one if not a mix of systems.