airlift support. Wing repairs and modifications will extend the service life of the C-130B/E aircraft well past the year 2000.

The CRAF consists of commercial aircraft voluntarily committed by US civil air carriers to serve during national emergencies. The CRAF Enhancement Program is designed to modify passenger aircraft into convertible freighters suitable for bulk and oversize cargo. The airlines received one DC-10 and six more B-747s through FY 1986. A total of 19 B-747s and 2 DC-10s are funded for modification. These modified aircraft will provide an additional 3.0 MTM/D of cargo capability. FY 1988 funding will allow beginning acquisition of equipment needed to convert 85 civilian B-767 and 30 MD-80 aircraft to perform aeromedical evacuation. Additional aeromedical evacuation capability will be provided by the C-17 operating in the direct delivery mode.

The C-17 is programmed to reduce further the airlift shortfall with the initial operational capability scheduled for FY 1992. This aircraft will provide increased intertheater and intratheater capabilities to deliver troops and all categories of cargo, including outsize, to field commanders using normal and combat offload techniques, outsize airdrop, or lowaltitude parachute extraction. The in-flight-refuelable C-17 has outstanding ground maneuverability and takeoff and landing profiles designed to allow routine operations at small, austere airfields. These features will provide considerable operational flexibility. The C-17 will replace part of the C-141 B fleet as that aircraft approaches the end of its useful service life. The C-17 also offers the additional bonus of offsetting capabilities lost when the older C-130s retire. A summary of programmed intertheater cargo airlift capability is shown in Figure V-11.

Sealift

In any major overseas deployment, sealift will deliver about 95 percent of all dry cargo and 99 percent of all petroleum products. However, the number of militarily useful US-flag dry cargo ships available to support deployments continues to decline with little hope of resurgence in the near term. Reductions are also occurring in the US clear product tanker fleet. However, these reductions are being offset by the incorporation of newer, larger tankers into the strategic sealift fleet.

The US-flag merchant marine's decline necessitates a large pool of government-owned shipping,

such as the Ready Reserve Force (RRF), to furnish readily available lift capacity that is needed in time. of mobilization. The RRF provides the surge shipping needed early for a deployment. In 1985, the Navy began to locate some of the RRF ships at activation ports to improve their response time upon mobilization. Ships in the National Defense Reserve Fleet (NDRF), a second set of government-owned shipping, are a valuable but aging asset, currently capable of providing approximately 125 ships for sustainment requirements/attrition replacements. A crucial factor in the employment of the NDRF will be the availability of trained crews to adequately man these vessels.

The sealift support from our allies has become increasingly important. This support is necessary to offset the continued decline in US commercial sealift assets. NATO has promised up to 400 ships

support Marine Corps aircraft. Two tankers are being converted into hospital ships (TAH) with delivery in FY 1987. In addition, the auxiliary craneships (TACS) program has been converting containerships to craneships in order to create the capability to offload non-self-sustaining shipping either pierside or in-stream.

Logistics Over the Shore (LOTS)

The ability to rapidly load, offload, and transfer unit equipment, bulk liquids, ammunition, and supplies is required to keep pace with airlift and sealift deliveries. Mobility analyses, such as the DOD Sealift Study, have identified the requirement to project a large, balanced force into a bare environment like those found in the Western Pacific, Southwest Asia, or Central and South America. A major program is now under way to modernize and upgrade the Army's watercraft fleet to meet LOTS requirements. In the near term, LOTS capability will be improved through the addition of another company of LCAC-30 aircushion vehicles, the purchase of discharge systems such as modular causeways and RO/RO discharge facilities, and the procurement of logistics support vessels (LSVs) and Landing Craft, Utility (LCU), and large tugboats. The Army LOTS program totals $770M through FY 1992 for research, development, and acquisition of new watercraft to provide the capability to meet a minimum LOTS requirement of 21,000 short tons daily. Under the Logistics Civil Augmentation Program (LOGCAP), the Army is establishing contingency contracts for commercial tugboats to supplement Army organic capability during mobilization. The Army and Navy are coordinating closely under the umbrella of a joint memorandum of agreement to procure, whenever possible, common and interoperable offload and discharge systems to ensure system compatibility, minimum overall cost to the Department of Defense and maximum program support during the budget process.

Pre-Positioning

To overcome limitations of airlift and sealift, US programs for pre-positioning petroleum, water, supplies, equipment, and ammunition are in progress in various regions of the world. Such pre-positioning reduces rapid-deployment cargo requirements by locating essential materials where US forces would most likely be needed. Under the pre-positioning of materiel configured to unit sets (POMCUS) program (pre-positioned materiel configured to unit sets), equipment is being pre-positioned in Europe for Army divisions and numerous nondivisional support units.

The POMCUS program for Europe, the Marine Corps land pre-positioning in Norway, the war reserve stock for allies (WRSA) program for Korea, and important initiatives for Southwest Asia provide essential strategically located material.

Afloat pre-positioning allows the rapid movement of equipment and supplies from one region to another as priorities or circumstances dictate. The Afloat Pre-positioning Force consists of two elements: the maritime pre-positioning ships (MPS) program and the pre-positioning (PREPO) ships program (formerly near-term pre-positioning force (NTPF)).

The MPS program combines the responsiveness of airlifted Marines with sealift delivery of pre-positioned equipment. The 13 ships involved in the program are organized into 3 MPS squadrons. The ships. will carry equipment and 30 days of supplies for three MABS. The first squadron is deployed to US Atlantic Command's (USLANTCOM) area; the second is at Diego Garcia; the third deployed to US Pacific Command (USPACOM) last year. The PREPO ships are in the Mediterranean Sea, Pacific Ocean, and Indian Ocean carrying equipment and supplies for the Army, Navy, and Air Force.

Sustainability

Sustainability is the staying power of military forces once they are deployed. The most significant component of this is materiel sustainability. Materiel sustainability is composed of several interdependent elements, including theater pre-positioned stocks, CONUS depot stocks, host-nation support, and the industrial production base. Over the past several years, Service program efforts have improved US sustainability worldwide; however, the pre-positioning objectives represent only the minimum quantities required to sustain combat forces until the SLOCS can be securely established.

Ammunition

Although ammunition stockpiles have improved, commanders continue to identify inadequate ammunition stockpiles as a significant constraint on their combat capabilities. These shortages are particularly acute for the more modern munitions that provide increased firepower while reducing delivery system vulnerability. The Services have continued to fund increases in war reserve ammunition stockage. Additionally, the United States has been encouraging allies to improve their own ammunition sustainability and to produce munitions compatible with US pre-positioned stocks within their countries.

Petroleum, Oils, and Lubricants

Efforts continue to increase petroleum war reserves. Competing priorities for funds within NATO have delayed major improvements to the Central European Pipeline System to increase both hardened storage capacity and throughput capability. It is becoming increasingly more important to rebuild DOD land and ocean distribution assets so available stocks can be rapidly repositioned where and when needed. The Army and Navy are progressing with the development of the Offshore POL Discharge System (OPDS) which will allow bulk fuel discharge from large tankers across an unimproved beach or damaged port. OPDS supports the fuel requirements of Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps units operating ashore.

Major Items and Repair Parts

As with other classes of supply, there have been improvements in the war reserve posture of major items as well as spares and repair parts in recent years. Nevertheless, available stocks continue to be far below worldwide requirements and are an item of concern for commanders. In part, this is the result of long leadtimes for acquisition. Additionally, these items are generally high cost and receive a relatively low priority when competing for funding at a time. when there continue to be shortages in peacetime operating assets and unit authorizations.

Military Construction

The NATO Alliance agreed in 1984 to support significant increases in infrastructure funding for 1985 through 1990. This level of funding represents more than a 50-percent real increase over annual funding for 1980 through 1986. This funding will lead to completion of minimum essential facilities for reception of US tactical aircraft at all collocated operating bases. It will also permit NATO to improve airbase survivability by construction of hardened aircraft shelters and support facilities and to continue planning for improved command and control capabilities.

In Southwest Asia, the objective of military construction programs is to provide a network of facilities to support pre-positioning of materiel and predeployment, staging, and employment of USCENTCOM forces. To date, airfield improvements and construction of logistic support facilities have greatly enhanced the US ability to deploy and sustain US forces in the region. In addition, leased warehouses will facilitate the pre-positioning of materiel, and port dredging will enhance fleet support. Negotiations for

basing privileges, access, and pre-positioning agreements are continuing and are a necessary preliminary for expanding current facilities in Southwest Asia.

Throughout the Pacific, host nation and US military construction are continuing to improve POL, munitions, medical storage capabilities, and the working and living conditions for US military personnel. Since its inception in 1979, Japan has funded about $1.4B under the facilities improvement program, and budgeted an additional $322M for Calendar Year (CY) 1986. Such funding is supporting, in part, the stationing of two F-16 squadrons in Japan, the first of which became operational in January. Republic of Korea (ROK)-funded construction projects will enhance the combat support and survival of US forces deployed to Korea. However, additional military construction (MILCON) is needed in Korea, Japan, Guam, and the Philippines to maintain readiness in the region.

In Central America, recently completed MILCON has provided a limited capability at two Honduran air bases. Additional air bases in Honduras must be upgraded to improve joint and combined exercise capability. In Panama, MILCON is critical to provide adequate aircraft parking and facilities at Howard Air Force Base/Fort Kobbe to alleviate dangerously crowding normal peacetime operations.

Wartime Host-Nation Support

Wartime host-nation support (WHNS) provides essential support to the LOCs, including reception, onward movement staging, and resupply to US forces deployed to foreign countries during times of tension or war. This support is made available to US forces through a process of negotiated bilateral agreements and development of detailed joint logistic plans. Assurance of this support through international agreements enhances sustainability of combat forces and lends credibility to the concept of a viable conventional defense posture. Supreme Allied Command Europe's (SACEUR's) Rapid Reinforcement Plan depends on WHNS in order to avoid costly duplication of both personnel and equipment to provide the requisite combat support/combat service support. Progress continues as the detailed arrangements contained in the joint support plans are further refined with NATO Allies. In the Pacific arena, Korea provides valuable wartime support by enhancing the flow of essential logistics through the use of its airline, shipping, and traffic management assets; and Japan provides important peacetime facilities and assistance

which improve the capabilities of US forces in Japan. to respond to contingency situations.

Medical Support

Shortfalls, continue to exist in US medical support capabilities; however, significant progress has been made to narrow the gap between capabilities and requirements. If US forces were simultaneously engaged in Western Europe, Southeast Asia, and Northeast Asia, the Services could currently provide 34.1 percent of the estimated 110,300 hospital beds required for a minimum 15-day theater evacuation policy. Current programs fund 15,900 new beds in FY 1987 and 8,300 beds in FY 1988. These beds, plus those prior-year procurements, will increase the total medical support capability to 93.9 percent of the programmed requirement. These medical assets are expected to be available for deployment by FY 1990. Deployable medical systems must be funded at the programmed level to ensure acceptable medical care for theater combat forces. Active solicitation of WHNS will be continued to support wartime bed capabilities.

Environmental Support

Force commanders require accurate and timely environmental information in order to fully exploit military force capabilities. Congress must continue to fund military weather and space support programs that maintain the readiness of this combat force multiplier.

Intelligence

Access to accurate, timely intelligence is essential for the NCA, JCS, and military commanders to effect timely political and military decisions. Intelligence provides decisionmakers with assessments of enemy forces, capabilities, and probable courses of action. Expansion of collection capabilities, in particular human-source intelligence (HUMINT) to augment the capabilities of reconnaissance systems, is essential for enhanced coverage.

Reconnaissance Systems

The US reconnaissance program provides capabilities to meet many peacetime and wartime information collection requirements. Reconnaissance resources consist of strategic and tactical standoff and penetration systems. These systems provide intelligence data that might otherwise be denied to operating forces during crises and wartime.

Strategic airborne systems include U-2R, SR-71, RC-135, and EP-3E aircraft that carry a variety of sen

sors. Tactical aircraft standoff systems include the Air Force TR-1, EC-130, and RC-135; the Army RC-12, RU-10, RU-21, EH-1, EH-60, and OV-1D; the Navy EP-3E, EA-3B, and EA-6B; and Marine Corps EA-6B. The only Air Force tactical reconnaissance aircraft used in a penetrating role is the RF-4C with photo, infrared, side-looking airborne radar, and tactical electronic reconnaissance capabilities. The Navy uses the F-14 Tactical Air Reconnaissance Pod (TARP) System, and the Marines employ the RF-4B in a similar role. Planned improvements to strategic and tactical systems provide for additional TR-1 and U-2R aircraft and installation of the Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar System (ASARS) on TR-1 aircraft. Considerable improvements have been made in U2R, SR-71, and RC-135 wartime survival response posture. Further improvements are being developed. RF-4 enhancements include an upgrade with electrooptical sensors and a ground terminal program for dissemination of information. Also included are the Navy's conversion of the EP-3E and the Carrier Battle Group Passive Horizon Extension System.

SR-71

The P-3 aircraft provides primary ocean veillance for both surface and subsurface targets. Acoustic ocean surveillance of submarine activity is provided by the tactical and surveillance towed array sonar system.

U-2R

Collection, Processing, and
Intelligence Dissemination Systems

The collection, processing, and dissemination of tactical intelligence will benefit from developments in high-capacity data links, tactical intelligence fusion systems, improved sensors, and related processors; e.g., the USCINCEUR Tactical Reconnaissance System, Army-Air Force Joint Tactical Fusion Program, Army-Air Force Joint Surveillance and Target Attack Radar System/Ground Station Module (JSTARS/GSM), Army GUARDRAIL/Common Sensor Systems, and Navy Ocean Surveillance Information System Baseline Upgrade. The Advanced Deployable Digital Imagery Support System (ADDISS) and Improved GUARDRAIL, for example, will eventually provide tactical commanders the means to collect and assimilate information quickly from national and tactical sensor systems. The Commanders' Tactical Terminal, now under development, will facilitate dissemination of signals intelligence data.

Command, Control,

and Communications (C3)

Effective C3 is essential to the successful employment of military forces. Command and control systems are made up of people, facilities, equipment, procedures, and communications systems designed to assist in planning, directing, and controlling military forces. Improvements in secure, interoperable, and survivable C3 systems for tactical forces have traditionally lagged behind those provided strategic forces.