for the accommodation of twelve thousand barrels of powder. The town-house is a handsome building, and the market-place is three hundred feet square.

Derby is the centre of one of the most productive and industrious districts in England, particularly as respects the manufacture of iron and other minerals. In the town and its neighborhood there are large manufactories of lace, galloons, broad silks, sill hosiery, china, marble, jewellery, &c.; several extensive mills and manufactories have been built within these few years, and the machinery is equal to that of any other part of the kingdom. The town is irregularly built, and excepting some new erections in the corn-market, an infirmary, and an old church, with an elegant and conspicuous tower, it owns no public building worthy of remark. Though placed in the midst of a stone district, the houses are as usual built of brick. Within the last few years, Derby has come prominently into notice by being on the line of the extended series of railways from Durham and Yorkshire to London, and the station here is of magnificent proportions: the distance from London, one hundred and twentysix miles, is performed by railway in about seven hours. In 1840, the town received from Mr. Joseph Strutt the munificent gift of a pleasure ground, eleven acres in extent, and called by him the Arboretum. It is replenished with walks, seats, and every way fitted up for promenading and recreation; it is opened freely two days of the week to all classes, and on other days is accessible upon payment of a small fee. The population of Derby in 1831 amounted to 23,627.

Carlisle, which in early times was distinguished as a bulwark against the invasions of the Scottish armies, and as a cathedral city, has latterly acquired some note as a seat of manufactures, particularly in the department of cotton-spinning, calico-printing, and the weaving of ginghams, &c.

Carlisle is a large city in the county of Cumberland, pleasantly situated at the confluence of the rivers Eden and Calden, the former of which, five miles lower down, falls into the Solway frith. The name of this city appears to have been derived from the Saxon words caer lyell, that is, the city near the wall, from its contiguity to the great Roman wall, which stood within less than a quarter of a mile of it; the site of this monument of Roman industry is still very perceptible in the neighborhood.

This city was a military post, possessing great strength, having a citadel and a castle, the latter situated so as to command the passage of the river Eden, on a slight eminence at the northwest extremity. The castle is still kept in repair, and contains, among other buildings, a magazine for gunpowder, and an excellent modern armory, capable of receiving ten thousand stand of arms, and generally containing about that number. A strong ancient keep remains, with a well of great depth, probably the work of the Romans. Mary, queen of Scotland, was imprisoned here in 1568; the suite of rooms in which she was confined is still shown, and the place of her promenade is still known by the name of the Ladies' Walk. The castle is said to have been first built in the seventh century by Egfrid, king of Northumberland; the walls are ascribed to William Rufus.

The cathedral, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, is a venerable structure, partly of Saxon and partly of Gothic architecture, containing, on the screens in the aisles, some singular and ridiculous legendary paintings of St. Augustine and St. Anthony, with a distich in uncouth language to each. Part of the western wing was demolished in the civil wars, at which period about ninety feet of the nave was pulled down to erect military works, among others a guardhouse in the centre of the market-place; the opening was afterward closed with a wall, and the space between the wall and the transept is now the parish church of St. Mary. The abbey attached to the cathedral was completed by Henry I., and Edward I. held a parliament in that part of it now called the fratry, while on his last expedition to Scotland in 1307. In the year 1807, an act of parliament was obtained for erecting a court-house, and other necessary structures, on a very extensive scale, on the site of the old citadel.

A very large and handsome bridge over the Eden, nearly a quarter of a mile in length, built of white stone by Mr. Smirke, was finished in 1817, toward the expense of which parliament voted the sum of ten thousand pounds. The communication with Scotland and Ireland is much facilitated by the erection of this bridge.

There is a considerable trade carried on here, occupying about two fifths of the inhabitants. The manufactures chiefly consist of cotton, in all its branches, woollen, linen, leather, hats, hardware, &c.; there are several foundries, and also breweries, which produce a large quantity of malt liquor. The city has an excellent public li

brary, which was instituted in 1768, and it has been considerably improved within the last few years. The mayor and other officers of the corporation are chosen annually.

Carlisle is a very ancient place: there are abundant proofs that it flourished in the time of the Romans, who made it one of their most important military stations. The castle is supposed to have been a Roman fortress; but all its original configuration is lost in subsequent alterations. In the time of Oliver Cromwell the keep was converted into a battery, and guns were mounted on the roof. The city and neighboring territory formed part of the Scottish dominions in the time of David I., who here conferred knighthood on Prince Henry, afterward Henry II., of England, in 1148. It participated in all the vicissitudes of the neighboring nations; it was burnt intentionally by the Scots in the reign of Henry III., and twice by accident in that of Edward I. During the reign of Henry VIII. it was besieged by an army of eight thousand men. In 1644, it surrendered to General Lesly, commanding the parliamentary forces, and, a century afterward, was taken by the rebels in 1745, and retaken by the royal forces under the duke of Cumberland. Several of the unfortunate adherents of the house of Stuart were executed at Carlisle, on account of their exertions for its restoration. In the accompanying engraving we give a view of this city as seen from the north, with the castle and cathedral. A number of new buildings are continually rising, which give evident marks of the architectural taste and opulence of the inhabitants.

CHAPTER XVII.

COMMERCIAL TOWNS.

AT the head of this class stands Liverpool, next to London the greatest port in the empire. It is situated in Lancashire, on the east bank of the estuary of the Mersey, at the distance of thirty-six miles from Manchester, and two hundred and four from London. The town extends for about three miles along the Mersey, and rather more than one mile inland, the situation enjoying a slight slope toward the river. On the side next the country, the town extends into numerous suburban districts, comprehending many villas, the residences of the more wealthy citizens. Liverpool in 1831 contained 165,175 inhabitants; but, inclusive of the immediate environs, and the persons engaged in navigation, the whole number is now believed to be not far from 300,000. Its rise has been surprisingly rapid. In the reign of Elizabeth it was only a small village; in 1700, there were about 5,000 inhabitants; in 1760, 26,000; and in 1801, 77,653.

Liverpool is the grand medium through which the trade of England with Ireland and with this country is carried on; and a vast quantity of business is transacted by its merchants with the ports of the Mediterranean, East Indies, and other parts of the world. The leading article of import is the cotton so extensively used in the manufactures of Lancashire, of which, in 1830, out of seven hundred and ninety-three thousand six hundred and ninety-five bales imported into England, seven hundred and three thousand two hundred were brought into Liverpool. The rural produce of Ireland, cattle, bacon, poultry, eggs, &c., forms the import next in amount, the value in 1832 being about four and a half millions sterling. The duties paid at the customhouse of Liverpool, in 1837, were four millions three hundred and fifty-one thousand four hundred and ninety-six pounds, being about a fifth of those paid throughout the whole kingdom. In the same year, the vessels entered inward, exclusive of those concerned in the fisheries and coasting trade, were-British, 1,685; foreign, 985; in all, 2,670. Those entered outward were-British, 1,735; foreign, 1,012; in all, 2,747. But when the fisheries and coasting trade are included, the number of British vessels entering Liverpool that year reaches the amazing number of 10,281, each being upon an average of two hundred tons. Liverpool is the great outlet for the goods manufactured in Lancashire and Yorkshire for sale in America.