therefore, as Ispahan is East of London, it will be noon at it 3 hours and 24 minutes before it is noon at London; and when it is noon at London, it will be 24 minutes after 3 in the afternoon at Ispahan. Again, C. Verde is 17 degrees West of London, which longitude turned into time, is equal to 1 hour and 10 minutes; therefore, as C. Verde is West of London, it will be noon at London 1 hour and 10 minutes before it is noon at C. Verde; and, when it is noon at C. Verde, it will be 10 minutes after 1 at London.

17. Agreeable to these rules, the following questions may be solved: When it is noon at London, what time is it at Calcutta? at Bombay? C. Comorin? Madras ? and Seringapatam? (See the map of India.)-When it is 10 o'clock in the morning at London, what time is it at the Azores ? at Newfoundland? at Washington? at St. Domingo? at C. Horn? and the Sandwich Islands? (See the map of the Western Hemisphere.)-If it is 11 o'clock in the morning at London, and 4 o'clock in the afternoon at another place, what is their difference of longitude in degrees ?--If it is 4 o'clock in the afternoon at London, and 10 o'clock in the morning at another place, what is the longitude of that place from London!→When it is midnight at London, where is it noon?-When it is 5 in the morning at London, where is it 5 in the afternoon?-When it is noon at C. Verde, what time is it at Ispahan (See the maps of Africa and Persia)? What time at Smyrna? what time at Paphos (map of Asia Minor)? What time at Calcutta? and what time at Bombay (map of India)?

18. The Earth is divided, with respect to the various degrees of heat and cold, into five Zones (Lévai cingula) or belts, viz. one Torrid, two Temperate, and two Frigid Zones. The Torrid Zone lies on each side of the Equator, extending to the two Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, and is so called from its excessive heat; owing to its being within the two Tropics, the Sun passes twice a year through the Zenith of every place in it. The two Temperate Zones lie between the Tropics and the Polar Circles, so that there is one in each hemisphere; they are called temperate, because they are not subject to the excessive heat of the Torrid Zone, nor to the excessive cold of the Frigid Zones. The two Frigid Zones lie between the Polar Circles and the Poles, so that there is likewise one of them in each hemisphere; they are so called from the excessive cold to which they are subject, owing to the total absence of the Sun from them during a great part of the year.

19. The Earth is likewise divided into climates, as it respects the various lengths of the longest day in different places: for the length of the day at the Equator is always 12 hours; but, as we advance from the Equator to the Poles, the days increase in length during one half of the year; and this increase is greater as we approach the Poles, where the Sun is visible for six months of the year, and not visible for the other. Now, a climate is that

space of the Earth, where the longest day of one place exceeds the longest. day of another by half an hour; and there are 24 such between the Equator and Polar Circles, as may be seen from the following table:

But, at the Polar Circles, the Sun remains above the horizon longer than one revolution of the Earth, and therefore, the length of day-light increases very rapidly towards the Poles, where (as we have seen) it continues six months together. For this reason, the Climates between the Polar Circles and the Poles are reckoned by months, and not by half-hours, thus:

Climates in Months.

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Latitude, 67°. 15' 69° 30' 73°. 20′ 78° 20′ 84°. 10' 90°. 0'

20. The terraqueous globe is made up of two great general parts, the Earth or Land, and Sea or Water, these two being again subdivided into smaller parts. A Continent is a vast tract of land, containing many countries and kingdoms hanging together, as it were, and, consequently, not easily distinguished to be sur rounded with water, as, the continent of Europe, the continent of America. An Island is a smaller tract of land, entirely surrounded with water, as the island of Great Britain, the island of Sicily, the island of Borneo. A Peninsula or Chersonese, is a tract of land which is almost an island, being encompassed by water on all sides, except where it is joined to the main by a narrow neck of

land; as the peninsula of South America, the peninsula of Spain. The narrow neck of land, which joins a peninsula to the main, is called an Isthmus, as the Isthmus of Corinth, the Isthmus of Suez, and the Isthmus of Darien.

21. A Cape or Promontory is a prominent eminence shooting out into the sea, and is also sometimes called a Headland, except when it is low and flat, and then, it is named a Point: as C. Trafalgar, the Cape of Good Hope, the Lizard Point. When the land rises above the level country, it is called a Hill or Mountain, as M'. Ararat, Mr. Blanc; and when this high land runs continuously through a country, or a number of countries, it is called a Chain, or Ridge of Mountains, as the Chain of the Alps, the chain of the Pyrenees, the chain of the Andes. A mountain, which casts forth flames, is called a Volcano, as the Volcano of Etna, the Volcano of Vesuvius. The low ground between two mountains is named a Valley, and is generally traversed by a river, as the Valley of the Jordan, the Valley of the Nile. When a valley is exceedingly narrow, so as not to allow of its being crossed without difficulty, it is called a Pass, as the Passes of the Alps, the Pass of Schoumla.

22. A River is a body of water, flowing from elevated ground into the sea, more or less rapidly, and with a longer or shorter course, according to the nature of the ground through which it passes, and the quantity of water with which it is supplied; as the R. Nile, the R. Thames, the R. Po: the place, where it bursts from the Earth, is called its Source or Springs, and its junction with the salt water of the sea is named its Mouth. We are said to descend a river, when we float down with its waters, and to ascend it, when we go up against the current of its waters: the right and left banks of a river are determined by its course to the sea, the right bank is on the right side, and the left bank on the left, to one descending it. A Lake is a great collection of water, surrounded on all sides by land, and having no communication with the sea except by a river or a subterraneous passage, as Lake Superior, the Lake of Geneva, Lake Tehad. Morasses or Marshes differ from lakes only in their not

being always full of water, as the Marshes of Venice, the Pontine Marshes, &c.

-1 23. The Ocean is the wide open part of the sea, surrounding the land on all sides, and extending from one pole to the other: it is divided into several parts, for the convenience of description, as the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, &c. A Sea is a much smaller collection of water, nearly surrounded by land, and which may be again subdivided into several parts, as the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea. A Gulf or Bay is a branch of the sea running a considerable distance into the bosom of the land, as the Persian Gulf, the Arabian Gulf, Baffin's Bay, &c. A Strait is a narrow channel, connecting two seas together, or a sea with the ocean, as the Strait of Gibraltar, the Strait of Bab-el-Mandeb, &c.

24. Modern Geographers have divided the globe into four great parts, called Quarters, not that these parts are equal in size (for they are very unequal), but for the conveniency of having a general term to distinguish at once a great portion of the Earth. We could not use the term Continent for this purpose, because a continent is a vast tract of country connected together, and not composed of several parts separated from each other by the Ocean, as is the case in a Quarter of the World: for instance, though the British Isles are reckoned to Europe, yet they do not belong to the continent of Europe, because they are entirely separated from it by the Ocean; Ceylon, the East India Islands, Australia, and the Japanese Islands, are separated from the continent of Asia in the same way, and yet they belong to Asia: Madagascar, undoubtedly, forms part of Africa, though not of the continent of Africa: and the West Indian Islands are correctly said to be in America, though they form no part of the American continent. And, therefore, when we speak of a Quarter of the globe, we mean one of those four great divisions, into which, it is, as it were, divided by nature, each Quarter being composed of one great continent and many islands. These four great divisions of the globe are called Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. The three first of these are in the Eastern Hemisphere, and, from their having been known (though

imperfectly) to the ancients, they are called by us the Old World: America is in the Western Hemisphere, and was altogether unknown to the ancients; from its having been first discovered only three centuries and a half ago, we call it the New World. Of the three Quarters in the Eastern Hemisphere, Europe lies to the North West, Africa to the South West, and Asia to the East: America extends directly across the Western Hemisphere, nearly from Pole to Pole.

25. The superficial surface of the globe is equal to 148,187,500 square miles, of which about one fourth part (39,956,600 square miles) is land, and the remaining three-fourths (108,230,900 square miles) are water. Asia is the largest of the four quarters of the globe, America the next, Africa the third, and Europe the smallest; the estimated population and number of square miles contained in each, are as follow:

26. The principal oceans in the world are, the Atlantic Ocean which extends from Europe and Africa to America, and is divided by the Equator into North and South; it stretches towards the South from C. Horn to the C. of Good Hope: it was so named by the Ancients after the famous M. Atlas, in Africa.. The Indian Ocean, washing the Eastern coasts of Africa and the Southern coasts of Asia, extends from the C. of Good Hope to the Western shores of Australia; it is much smaller than the Atlantic, and derived its name from India and the Indian Isles, the shores of which are bathed by its waves. The Pacific Ocean, which lies between America and Asia, is the largest of all the great bodies of water bearing one name; it is remarkable for those extensive chains of many islands called by some Polynesia, (from Toλus multus and voos insula), which lie scattered between the Equator and the Southern Tropic, forming, as it were, the straggling remnants of the great continent to which they appertain. The Pacific Ocean is divided by the equator