revolution affect it? 59. What arrangement was made respecting it at the Congress of Vienna? 60. Give some account of Cagliari.

61.* How is the Duchy of Parma bounded? 62. State its population and superficial extent. 63. What religion do the inhabitants profess? 64.* What is their form of government? 65. What political arrangement was made in 1814 about this State? 66. Copy the table in Section Twentythree. 67.* How is the town of Parma situated? 68.* Give some account of it. 69. What can you mention about the town of Placenza? 70. What about the town of Guastalla?

71.* How is the Duchy of Modena bounded? 72.* State its area and population. 73.* Describe its form of religion and government, 74. What do you remember about the possession of this duchy? 75. Copy the table in Section Twenty-seven. 76. Give some account of Modena. 77. Of Reggio. 78. Of Mirandola.

79.* How is the Duchy of Massa-Carrara bounded? 80.* State its area and population. 81. What do you know about its religion and govern ment? 82.* Name its chief towns. 83. Of what territorities is this State composed? 84. What political arrangement is connected with it? 85. What can you state about the surface of the country? 86. Describe the capital of the Duchy. 87. And likewise the town of Carrara.

88.* How is the Duchy of Lucca bounded? 89.* What disjointed portions of territory does it possess? 90*. State its area and population. 91.* Give some account of its religion and government. 92.* Name its metropolis. 93. What particulars can you mention in the history of Lucca? 94. Where is its capital situated? 95. Describe it.

96.* How is the Grand Duchy of Tuscany bounded? 97.* State its area and population. 98. What form of religion is established there? 99.* Give some account of the Government. 100. What insulated possessions has Tuscany ? 101. Copy out the table in Section Thirty-six. 102. In what way was Tuscany originally connected with Lombardy? 103. How was it subdivided? 104. What family at length obtained its sovereignty? 105. Mention some further particulars in the history of the State. 106.* Point out the situation of its capital. 107.* Describe its appearance. 108.* Give some other particulars about it. 109. Where is Pisa, and what renders it worthy of note? 110. Give the situation of Leghorn. 111. Describe its appearance. 112. What renders it important? 113. Where is the Maremma, and what about it? 114. Give some account of Sienna. 115. Where is Elba, and what has rendered it remarkable?

116.* By what other names is the State of the Church known? 117.* How is it bounded, and upon what territories does it touch? 118.* Mention its length and breadth. 119.* State its area and population. 120.* What is the religion of its inhabitants? 121.* What great errors of the Church of Rome have been renounced and opposed by the Protestants? 122.* What is the form of government in the Roman States? 123.* What can you mention concerning it? 124. Who alone can be candidates for the Papal tiara? 125. How is the Pope chosen? 126. Who can object to his election? 127. Give some account of the Cardinals. 128. What is meant by a Consistory? 129. And by a Congregation of Cardinals?

130. Give an abstract of Section Forty-six. 131. At what places had Christian churches been founded at the closing of the Canon of Scripture? 132. In what way was each of these Churches governed? 133. How were they opposed? 134. What effect did this produce upon them? 135. What heresies sprung up at the death of Constantine? 136. What did they lead to? 137. What was their consequence? 138. What was then the state of the world? 139. For what corruptions of Christianity did this state make

room? 140. How were the early Christian churches united? 141. What first distinguished the Church of Rome? 142. What was its Bishop then enabled to do? 143. What increased his power? 144. In what light was he looked upon by the other churches? 145. What early instances can you give of his authority having been disregarded by other churches? 146. In what way did the political divisions of Italy, in the fourth century, increase the influence of the See of Rome? 147. Where was the Roman vicariate, and who presided over it? 148. Mention some circumstances concerning it, and the Roman Patriarchate as it was called. 149. What effect did the removal of the seat of Empire to Constantinople have upon the Church of Rome? 150. Mention some of the other causes that increased the power of the Roman Pontiff. 151. What title did Phocas grant to the Bishop of Rome? 152. Give some account of Phocas. 153. Was the creed of the Roman Church the same then as it was when the Council of Trent was called? 154. What disagreement can you mention between the published works of Pope Leo and the decrees of the Council of Trent? 155. What does this prove as to the fallibility of the Roman Church? 156. How may the faith of that church be described? 157. What was the state of the Roman Church from the grant of Phocas to the age of Luther? 158. What was its consequence? 159. What brought about the Reformation.

160. What can you mention about the first temporal possessions of the Popes. 161. What did King Pepin do for them? 162. How did Charlemagne behave to them? 163. What character did the popes now display?

164. Whence did they obtain the Duchy of Benevento, the Patrimony of St. Peter (as it is called), Sabina, and the City of Rome? 165. And whence did they obtain Ancona and Urbino? 166. Give some account of their last conquests? 167. What claims does the Pope make upon all Christians? 168. To what rank does he aspire, and how does he endeavour to obtain it? 169. What splendour does he assume, and what humble title does he affect? 170. How does he regard lotteries and the inquisition.

171.* Into how many provinces was the State of the Church formerly divided? 172.* Name them. 173.* When were these discontinued, and how is the country now divided? 174. Copy the table in Section Fifty-six. 175. What can you state about Benevento and Ponte-Corvo? 176. In what way has the Pope's power in Ferrara, Avignon, and Venaissin, been altered? 177.* Give the situation of the Papal metropolis. 178.* Describe its appearance. 179.* In what way does it correspond with the ancient capital of the world? 180.* What can you mention about the cathedral of St. Peter, and the churches in Rome generally? 181. Give some account of St. Peter's. 182. Of the Pantheon. 183. Of the Colosseum. 184. Name the Pope's three palaces. 185. Describe the Lateran. 186. The Quirinal. 187. And the Vatican. 188.* What can you mention about Porto? 189.* What about Civita Vecchia? 190.* And Ancona. 191. Where is Loreto? 192. For what is it celebrated? 193. Give the history of the Santa Casa. 194. Describe Bologna.

195.* Where is the Republic of San Marino, and how is it bounded? 196.* Mention its extent. 197.* Of what places is it composed? 198.* What is its population, and how is it governed? 199. When and by whom was this state founded? 200. Give some account of its founder? 201. What is the history of the State? 202. Mention what you know about its constitution.

203. By what other name is the kingdom of Naples known? 204. How is it bounded? 205.* State its area and population. 206.* Also the dimensions of its continental territory. 207. What can you mention about the size of Sicily? 208*. Repeat what you know about the form of religion

professed in the Two Sicilies. 209.* What form of government is there adopted? 210.* Name its Universities. 211. What are the two great pests of Italy. 212. Give some account of the brigands. 213. How is the kingdom of Naples divided? 214. Copy out the table in Section Sixty-nine. 215.* Point out the situation of the Neapolitan metropolis. 216.* Describe its appearance. 217. Give some further particulars about it, and its patronsaint. 218. What do you remember about the Lazzaroni? 219. What about the Campagna Felice? 220. Give some account of Mt. Vesuvius. 221. Also of Herculaneum. 222. Also of Pompeii. 223. Mention what you know about Salerno. 224. What about Gaeta. 225. And Taranto. 226. Where is Messina? 227. Give some account of it. 228. Where is the Faro of Messina? 229. What renders Catania remarkable, and where is it? 230. Point out the situation of Mt. Etna. 231. Mention some particulars concerning it. 232.* Describe the capital of Sicily. 233.* For what is it remarkable? 234. Where is Syracuse? 235. Mention some particulars about it. 236. What about the Ear of Dionysius? 237. And the fountain of Arethusa ?

238.* Describe the situation of the Maltese Islands. 239.* Of what islands are they composed? 240.* State their population and superficial extent. 241.* How many inhabitants are there in Malta alone? 242.* When was Malta taken by the British, and to whom does it now belong? 243.* In what way are the Maltese governed? 244.* What can you state about the fortifications of Malta. 245.* What do you remember about Valetta? 246. Mention some particulars concerning the knights of St. John.

CHAPTER XIV.

TURKISH OR OTTOMAN EMPIRE IN EUROPE.

1. Give the limits of the Ottoman Empire. 2.* What countries does it include? 3. What can you state about the present power of the Turks? 4.* What part of their territory have they lately lost? 5. Name the two grand divisions of the Ottoman Empire. 6.* Over what other territories does it likewise extend its pretensions? 7. When did the Turks first figure in history? 8. Whence did they come? 9. Give some account of their progress. 10. How, and under whom, were their conquests united? 11. Who first assumed the title of Sultan? 12. Where did he fix the seat of his empire? 13. What did his successors do? 14. When were Adrianople and Constantinople taken? 15. What other conquests did the Turks make? 16. When were they finally checked? 17. How have they behaved since that period?

18. How is Turkey in Europe bounded? 19.* State its area and population. 20. What sort of a country is it? 21.* What is the direction of its two great mountain-ranges? 22.* Point out the course of the Northern one? 23.* What rivers and provinces does it separate? 24.* With what great range is it connected on the West? 25.* Where does it terminate?" 26. By what names is it known? 27. Describe the ridge of mountains called Codja-Balkan. 28. What smaller ranges join Mt. Hæmus? 29.* Point out the course of the mountain-range named Pindus ? 30.* What provinces and rivers does it separate? 31.* Where does it quit Mt. Hamus, and where does it terminate? 32.* By what names is it known? 33. Mention what you know about the Volutza Ms. and Mt. Olympus. 34. What about Ossa and Pelion?

35.* Describe the course of the R. Danube. 36* Name its chief Turkish tributaries. 37.* What Turkish rivers run into the Archipelago ? 38. Describe the R. Maritza. 39. Also the Nestus. 40. Also the Stroma. 41. Also the Vardar and Indje-Mauro. 42. Also the Salembria and Ellada. 43.* Name the chief rivers in the W. part of Turkey. 44. What can you mention about the R. Narenta? 45. What about the R. Drino? 46. What about the R. Vojuzzo? 47. Describe the rivers Arta and Aspro-Potamo. 48. What can you state about the gulfs of Bourgas, Saros, and Enos? 49.* What gulfs can you mention on the shores of Macedonia? 50.* On the shores of Thessaly? 51.* Where are the gulfs of Arta, Valona, and Scutari? 52. Where is L. Rassein? 53. What lakes can you mention in Macedonia? 54. What lakes in Albania? 55. What lake in Thessaly? 56. Mention the chief Turkish Capes on the Black Sea. 57. Also those on the Ægean Sea. 58. Also those on the Adriatic Sea. 59. Describe the Thracian Bosporus. 60. Give some account of the Hellespont. 61. What do you know about the castles of The Dardenelles? 62. Where is the channel of Trikeri? 63. Where is the St. of Corfu? 64. Describe the St. of Otranto.

65.* What is the religion of the Turks? 66.* To what sect do they belong? 67.* What is the rule of their faith? 68.* What can you mention about their fasts and ablutions? 69.* What about their mosques? 70.* What is the nature of the Turkish government? 71.* Describe the Sultan's power. 72.* By what is it restrained? 73. Where and how are the Turkish youth educated? 74. What is the character of their teachers? 75. In what state are literature, statuary, and painting amongst the Turks? 76. Are there any Greek Christians in Turkey? 77. What does the Turkish law maintain with respect to private property? 78. Who is the Grand Vizier? 79. What is the office of the Kioga Bey? 80. Of the Reis Effendi and the Defterdar? 81. How many kinds of Pachas are there, and what are their duties? 82. Who are the Sangiak-Beys? 83. What is the Divan? 84. Give some account of the Ulema and Grand Mufti. 85. Who are styled Imams? 86.* Name the provinces into which we Europeans divide Turkey in Europe. 87.* How do the Turks divide it? 88.* What do you remember about the government of Walachia and Moldavia? 89.* Name the pachalics into which the Turks divide Turkey-in-Europe. 90. Copy out the table in Section Twenty-two.

91.* Where is the Ottoman metropolis? 92. What particulars can you mention about it? 93.* Give some account of the ancient wall of Theodosius. 94.* What can you state about the origin of the name Sublime Porte? 95. Mention what you know about the suburbs of Constantinople. 96. Describe the harbour of The Golden Horn. 97. Describe the appearance and the interior of Constantinople. 98. What about the Seraglio and the Harem? 99. What is the Castle of the Seven Towers? 100. How many mosques are there in Constantinople? 101. And how many Christian churches? 102. Give some particulars about the mosque of St. Sophia. 103. What can you state with respect to the public buildings and ancient monuments in Constantinople? 104. Where are Galata and Pera, and what about them? 105. What about St. Demetri and Scutari?

106.* Point out the situation of Adrianople. 107.* When did the Turks take it? 108.* Mention some particulars concerning it. 109. Where are Bourgas, Sizeboli, and Varna? 110. Give some account of Schoumia. 111. And of Sophia. 112. Describe Bukarest. 113. Where is Belgrade! 114. Describe its appearance. 115. Mention some particulars in its history? 116. Where is the province of Albania? 117. By what name are its inhabitants known? 118. What is their character? 119. Give the history of

Scanderbeg. 120. Mention what you know about Janina. 121. Give the history of Ali Pacha. 122. Where is the district of Souli? 123. Give some account of the Souliotes. 124. Describe Arta. 125. Also Valona. 126. Where is Salonica? 127. Mention what you know about it. 128, Whom do the Turks call Franks? 129. What do the Turks call the I. of Candia? 130. In what way do they divide it? 131. Mention some points in its history. 132. Describe the capital of the island. 133. What do you know about Retimo? 134. What about Canea?

CHAPTER XV.

KINGDOM OF GREECE.

1.* How is the kingdom of Greece bounded? 2. Describe the line of demarcation between it and European Turkey. 3.* What islands belong to it? 4.* State the area and extent of the whole kingdom. 5.* What can you mention about its connexion with the Ottoman Porte? 6.* Is Greece a mountainous country? 7.* What is meant by Perpetual Congelation? 8.* Where does Mt. Pindus enter Greece? 9. What about M'. Eta? 10.* Give some account of Thermopyla. 11.* Point out the direction the main ridge of Mt. Pindus takes through Greece. 12. What summits can you mention in it? 13.* Describe the ridge of Paleo-Vouni. 14. How is the Morea traversed by Mountains? 15.* Describe its Northern range. 16.* Mention what you know about its Eastern range.

17. What can you state generally about the rivers of Greece? 18.* Describe the courses of the rivers Fidari and Morno. 19.* Repeat what you know about the Castalian Spring. 20.* Give some account of the R. Gavrios. 21. Of the R. Asopo. 22.* Of the R. Ilissus. 23. Which are the two greatest rivers of the Morea, and where do they rise? 24.* Describe their courses. 25.* What other rivers can you mention in the peninsula? 26.* Mention what you know about the G. of Lepanto. 27.* About the G. of Patras. 28.* About the Gulfs of Arcadia, Kalamata, and Kolokythia. 29.* What about the G. of Nauplia? 30.* Describe L. Topolias. 31.** Name some of the chief capes in continental Greece. 32* Describe the Strait which separates the I. of Negropont from the mainland. 33.* What can you state about the Strait of Lepanto? 34.* What form of religion is established in Greece? 35.* What does the Greek Church acknowledge as the rule of its faith? 36.* What do you remember about the constitution and government of Greece?

37. What creeds are allowed by the Greek Church? 38. What things do they admit in common with the Papists ? 39. In what light do they view the Eucharist? 40. And Purgatory? 41. And the infallibility of their Church? 42. Mention other particulars about them. 43. What nations follow the creed of the Greek Church? 44. What can you remember about the authority of the Patriarch of Constantinople? 45. What about the services of the Greek Church? 46. When did the first jealousy spring up between the Greek and Roman Churches? 47. When, and by what, was it increased? 48. When did their final separation take place? 49. What brought it about? 50. What pretext was alleged by the pope for his conduct in the matter? 51. What appears to have been the true cause of his interference? 52. What provinces did he claim? 53. How was this claim received by the Greeks? 54. How did the pope then behave? 55. What was the consequence of his arrogant demands? 56. How may the Greek church be divided? 57. Mention its three constituent parts. 58. Where