Such, several, some.

"Jabal was the father of such as dwell in tents." "Several of my friends have taken offence." દ "Some place the bliss in action, some in ease."

Each, every, either, neither. Each signifies every individual of a number. "Each of them attained his object." Every denotes the individuals of a number considered separately, As a substitute it is only found in law phrases: as, every of the clauses and conditions must be inserted." "Every is generally connected with one, or the name to which it is the attribute." Every one must give an account of himself.” Every subject is bound to

obey the laws."

Either, neither.

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Either is the substitute for a name.

"Either of the days will suit me." Either is sometimes improperly used for each.

instead of each side.

On either side of the river,

Neither is not either; it is used as an attribute, and also as a substitute. "Neither party is satisfied; and the claim of neither will be admitted." The correlatives either, or, denote an alternative. "Either he will hate the one and love the other, or he will hold to the one and despise the other." The correlatives neither, nor, debar any alternative; as, "Fight neither with small nor great, but with the king of Israel." Or, either, nor, neither, are employed as connectives.

Self, own. Self is used as an intensive word to give emphasis to attributes and substitutes; in the plural it is selves. It is affixed to my, thy, her, it, him, our, your, them; as myself, thyself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves. It is never added to mine, thine, his, their. The compounds myself, himself, herself, thy

self, ourselves, may be construed with the personal attributes. I myself informed him. Thou thyself only art to blame. He himself delivered the message. You yourselves bear me witness. These compound substitutes follow verbs when reciprocal action is expressed as "they discovered themselves." "He hurt himself."

Yourself is invariably singular, yourselves always plural; a strong evidence of the propriety of using you as the second person singular.

Own is used as a substitute. and his own received him not."

"He came unto his own

One and other, as substi

One, another, other, none. tutes, are used as follows: "Either he will hate the one and love the other, or else he will despise the one and serve the other." "All rational or deductive evidence is derived from one or the other of these sources.' Another

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is employed as a substitute. Let another praise thee,

not thine own mouth." It is often used as an attribute in connection with a noun.

None, as a substitute, is both singular and plural. "Ye shall lie down, and none shall make you afraid."

In

Another, other, others, have a possessive case. such sentences as the following, the phrase one another has the comprehensive sense of every one. "Let us love one another." "By love serve one another.”

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The cardinal numbers may all be employed as substitutes when their antecedents are distinctly understood. Twenty thousand were brought into the field." "Of the travellers who arrived, three left us and one remained.” Attributes which denote persons or things with precision may be used as substitutes; as, "the great and the wealthy have many friends." "The wise and good are

the most desirable companions."

reflection; the future is unknown."

"The past is open to

"The learned differ

in opinion."

VERBS.

The term Verb is derived from the Latin verbum, a word. As a grammatical term it is by no means significant of its proper function—the expression of existence, action, or assertion. The verb is, next to the noun or name, the most important part of speech. It has been defined to be a logical bridge, or the medium by which the connection of cause and effect is expressed. It is, indeed, the power and determination of the will expressed in action. Some grammarians affirm that the true characteristic of the verb is assertion. Assertion implies connection of thought; hence connection is a leading characteristic of the verb.

Verbs are arranged into three classes ;-substantive, transitive, and intransitive. The only verb in the English language purely substantive is the verb to be, as it implies mere existence only; and has a separate subject and predicate as "God is great, man is mortal."

In transitive verbs the action is considered as passing from the agent to the object-as, the Deity created the heavens and the earth; Columbus discovered America; Wealth procures luxuries; Knowledge improves the mind. In these and similar examples, an action is attributed to the agent which affects or passes over to the object.

Intransitive verbs are distinguished from the transitive by the action they express terminating in themselves, or in the agent―as, to sleep, to walk, to stand; John sleeps,

John walks, John stands. The common distinction of verbs into active and neuter is unphilosophical. By action is not meant simply motion, but also rest or the privation of motion. Thus to stand, to sleep, are as much actions, as to run, to fly. It is not the quantity or degree of action that constitutes the distinction between the transitive and intransitive verbs, but the consideration whether they have or have not a separate object.

There is a class of verbs called reflective, in which the agent becomes its own object-I pardon myself; Know thou thyself; Myself I then surveyed; They congratulate themselves. By a careful examination of the operation of the mind we perceive that we distinguish the being with whom the action originates, and with whom it terminates in two different lights; the being who pardons or contemplates is viewed as acting, and the being who is pardoned or contemplated, as passive.

Some verbs, usually intransitive, assume a transitive form, when the objective which follows the verb is in substance the very same conception which the verb expresses; as, to live a life of pain; to sleep the sleep of death: Also, when it forms a species of which that conception is the genus-as, to sing a song; to dance a minuet-and, for the same reason, we say-to ride a race; to walk a mile; to swear an oath.

The verbs usually called passive have not an appropriate name. I am loved by John, is no more passive than John loves me; he has been commanded by the master is of the same import as the master has commanded him. In neither case is the verb passive; the accusative in the first example, and the nominative in the other being the passive objects of the affirmation. Perhaps a more signi

ficant designation to this class of verbs would be-inverted transitive verbs.

As the verb is the root of most words, and as its proper function is to express motion, nearly all the modifications of the primary sense of the verb may be comprehended in the following words to send, throw, thrust, strain, stretch, draw, drive, urge, press. The verb which expresses motion implies the application of force. Even the verbs which signify to hold or stop, denote, in most instances, to restrain by exertion of force; and to lie is primarily to throw down, or to lay oneself down. Hence intransitive verbs are rarely exceptions to the definition -that all verbs primarily express motion or exertion of force.

MODES OF VERBS.

The circumstances under which an assertion is made, or an action performed, arising from the wishes and determination of the mind, with the concurrence of others; or, acting under the obligation of duty and necessity, are called the modes of verbs. The modes are exhibited by the inflections of the verb, with the conjunction of auxiliaries; and in verbs expressing negation, with a negative particle.

When the verb is employed to express mere assertion or to intimate a simple declaration-as, the sun shines, the sun has shined, the sun will shine ; or conversely, the sun does not shine, the sun has not shined, &c.—it is said to be in the Indicative mode, or more correctly in the Assertive or Declarative mode.

When the verb is employed to command, direct, exhort, or ask, the mode is the Imperative or Precatory; as,