FORE, before, as forewarn; earlier, as forenoon.

FOR, to hinder, prohibit, forsake, as forbid, forswear.

Mis, wrong, in error, as miscount, mismanage, misinform.

OUT, over, past, beyond, to exceed, -outdare, outgo, outrun, outvote.

OVER, above,-overlook; during, overnight; excess, overflow, overgorge. UN, not,-unclean, unkind; to undo, take from being; untie, untwine, unburden; contrary to, unchristian.

UP, above,-upheave; over, upset.

WITH, back,-withhold; against, withstand.

AFFIXES OF ENGLISH ORIGIN.

AR, ER, one who does, as beggar, writer.

ED, did or having, as loved, barbed.

EN, make or made of, as waken, golden.
FUL, full of, as joyful, graceful.

ING, continuous action, as running, speaking.
ISH, in a small degree, as saltish, clownish.

LESS, privative, without,-harmless, hopeless, careless.
LET, small,-droplet, bracelet, streamlet.

LING, young or small, as bantling, duckling, suckling.
Ly, like, as greatly, smartly, dearly.

MENT, result, state of, as astonishment, consignment.
NESS, slate of being,-lameness, greatness.

SOME, giving, as troublesome; causing, delightsome.
WARD, in the direction of, as homeward, backward.
Y, having, as shady, needy.

LATIN PREFIXES.

A, ab, abs, from, away, as avert, to turn from; abstain, to hold from.
Ad, ac, af, ag, al, ap, ar, as, at,-to, at, as adhere, accede, afford, aggress;

allocate, append, attest.

Am, Amb, round, or about, as ambient, ambiguity.

Ante, before, as antediluvian, antedate.

Circum, circu, round or about, as circulate, circumscribe, circuit.

Cis, on this side of, as cisalpine, opposed to transalpine.

Co, com, con, cog, col, cor, together, with, as coagent, comfort, cognate, collect, condole.

Contra, counter, against,-contradict, counteract.

De, down, from, as depend, descend, depress, deprive.

Dis, di, dif, asunder, apart, as disband, disarm, discard, differ.

Dis, the contrary of,-disapprove, disappear.

Ex, e, ef,-out, out of, as edict, efface, elude, exclude.

Extra, beyond,-extrajudicial, extraordinary.

In, ig, il, im, ir, into, in, on, as inanimate, immerge, illude, irrigate.
Inter, between, among,-interpose, interstice.

Intro, in, inward,-introduce, insert, introvert.

Juxta, near,-juxtaposition.

Non, not,-nonentity, nonsense.

Ob, oc, of, op, in the way of, against-obstacle, obtend, obviate.

Omni, all, every,-omnipotent, omnivorous, omniscient.

Per, through, wholly,-pervade, perfect, perforate.

Post, after,-postmeridian, P.M.; postscript, P.S.

Pre, before,-premature, prefix, presage.

Preter, beyond,-preternatural.

Pro, per, forward,-propel, project, pursue.

Re, back, again,-return, restrain.

Recti, rect, straight, right,-rectify, rectilinear, rectangle.
Retro, backward,-retrograde, retrospect.

Se, aside, apart,-secede, seclude.

Sine, without,-sinecure.

Subter, under, beneath,-subterraneous, subterfuge.

Sub, suc, suf, sug, sup, sus, under, after,-subscribe, subject, succumb, suppress, sustain, suggest.

Super, supra, sur, above, over,-superscribe, superfine, superstruct, surname.
Trans, beyond, across,-transgress, transcend, transatlantic, transalpine.
Ultra, beyond,-ultramarine, ultramontane, ultramundane.
Vice, for, instead of viceroy, viceadmiral, vicegerent.

GREEK PREFIXES.

A, an, privative, without, as abyss, anarchy.
Amphi, round about, as amphitheatre, amphiscii.

Ana, up, back, again,-anabaptist, analyze, analeptic.

Anti, ant, against, opposite,-antipathy, antidote, antinomy.
Apo, ap, away, from,-apogee, apostacy.

Arch, chief,-monarch, archduke, archbishop, archon.
Caco, bad, evil,-cacophony, cacoethes, cacodemon.
Calo, beautiful,-caligraphy.

Cata, down,-catastrophe, cataract.

Dia, through,-diameter, diagonal, diaphanous.

Ex, ec, out of,-exercise, exegesis.

En, em, in, on,-encaustic, engrave, engulf, enmesh.

Epi, ep, upon, to,-epitaph, epidemic.

Eu, well,-eulogy, euphony, euthanasia.

Hemi, demi, semi, half,-hemisphere, semiquaver, demigod.
Hyper, above, beyond,-hypercritic, hyperbole.

Hypo, under, beyond,-hypochondria, hypothesis.

Para, near, beside,-parallel, paraphrase.

Peri, round, near,-perigee, pericranium, perimeter, periphery.
Philo, loving,-philosophy, philology, philomath.

Pseudo, false,-pseudocritic.

Syn, syl, sym, together, with,-sympathy, syntax, syllable, synod.

Mono, one only,-monody, monosyllable, monopoly.

Dis, di, two, twice,-dissyllable, distich.

Tri, three, thrice-trisyllable, tripod, trimeter.
Tetra, four,-tetragon, tetrarch.

Penta, five,-pentagon, pentateuch, pentachord.
Hexa, six,-hexagon, hexameter, hexapod.

Hepta, seven,-heptarchy, heptagon.
Octa, eight,-octagon, octave, octogenarian.

Enne, nine,-enneagon.

Deca, ten,-decalogue, Decapolis, decade.

Poly, many,-polytheism, polygamy, polypus.

SYNTAX.

The term Syntax is compounded of two Greek words, syn together, and taxis a putting or placing. Syntax, therefore, as a department of Grammar, is the art of arranging words in sentences, according to the rules and established usage of the language. Construction, a

synonymous word from the Latin, is formed of con together, and struo to dispose or set in order. Etymology treats of the individual words, or classes of words, which constitute human speech, with their inflection and derivation; construction or syntax points out by what rules words are put together so as to form sentences.

Every sentence either affirms something, or asks a question, or expresses a command or wish; every sentence must therefore contain a subject and predicate. The subject is the person or thing respecting which something is asserted or asked,—or it is the person commanded,—or, the person or thing about which a wish is uttered. What is affirmed of the subject is called the predicate, from prae and dico, or from predicare, to publish, to say.

The predicate must be substantive verb to be, or nection with other words. ployed to join the predicate to the subject, it is termed the copula, or link. Substantives and adjectives are the usual predicates, with the verb to be; but adverbs, and prepositions used adverbially, are frequently employed as predicates.

joined to the subject by the be itself a verb, often in conWhen the verb to be is em

The subject.

The terrestrial world
The deep blue sea

Human life

The stars

The trial

The predicate.

is nearly round.

is a magnificent object.
is a sea of troubles.
are unusually bright.

is over.

In Logic, a sentence is termed a proposition.

Prepositions, and the nouns which they govern, are often united as predicates, as, "the house is for sale; the master is in good humour; the hounds are in full pursuit."

The adverb so, is sometimes a predicate, when it is the substitute of a predicate previously mentioned; as, "my father is in good circumstances, but my brother is not so,” —that is, he is not in good circumstances. The infinitive of verbs is used as the predicate, and states what may or can be done,-or, what it is intended to have done. "Gold is to be found, that is, may be found, in California and Australia." "Diligence is to be rewarded with success." "The Parliament is to be prorogued next week."

The subject is usually a noun or pronoun; but the infinitive of verbs, with occasional adjuncts, are employed as the subject. "To live virtuously, is the duty of mankind." "To be angry, is to punish myself for the faults

of others."

A member of a sentence, and sometimes an entire sentence, may stand as the subject; as, "that he should have so far forgot himself is lamentable." "Whether he

will keep his promise remains to be seen."

Some verbs have an adjective added to form the predicate; as, "the weather is warm; he stands high in his class; the view is delightful."

Besides nouns and pronouns, the adjective, the adverb, and even the interjection, may express the subject. "Blue and yellow form green; thrice is too often; Ho! ah! are interjections."

The objective in grammar is the noun or pronoun which stands as the accusative to a transitive verb, and is imme

r

diately affected by the action expressed by the verb. But, says Becker, every notion referred to a verb or adjective, in whatever form it may be expressed, is to be considered as an objective factor. "He may come to-day, to-morrow may be too late." He will remain on board; he studies diligently." "Instigated by revenge." "Entirely mistaken." The accusative after a transitive verb, becomes the subject before a passive or inverted-transitive verb; as, Wellington defeated Buonaparte at Waterloo. Buonaparte was defeated by Wellington at Waterloo."

Although verbs passive do not, in ordinary construction, take an objective case, yet when a verb with its accusative is equivalent to a single verb, it may take an accusative in the passive; as, "this has been put an end to." "The rule has been set aside."

Crombie asserts that verbs signifying to ask, teach, offer, promise, pay, tell, allow, deny, are often, in colloquial language, followed in the passive by an objective case; as, "the labourers are allowed sixpence a-day." "I was offered a lucrative situation."

When a passive verb is followed by an infinitive, it is to be considered as an objective; as, "I am advised to travel." He was induced to learn." "They were compelled to

submit."

It sometimes happens that a preposition is prefixed to the verb so as together to form a compound; as, to overburden, to undervalue, to outbid. To cast is to throw ; but to cast up an account is to compute. We in like manner say to fall on, to give over, to bear out, to turn round.

As every sentence must consist of a subject or nominative, and a predicate or verb,-every noun in the sentence