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types of hazards. In contrast, great disparity in injury rates is shown in the production and distribution of manufactured gas, in which the rate for men is 10 times as high as the rate for women.

Injury frequency rates for nonmanufacturing as a whole, and for each of the three nonmanufacturing groups, as indicated by these reporting firms, are:

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Two women were killed and eight permanently disabled by injuries reported in nonmanufacturing establishments. Both fatalities occurred in hotels. One permanent disability was suffered in each of the following eight industries:

Retail trade___.

Wholesale trade___

Other nonmanufacturing industries_-

Bakeries and caterers.

Department stores.
Apparel.

Drug stores.

Automotive dealers.

Power laundries.

Electric light and power.
Hotels.

The fatalities and permanent disabilities together constituted 0.4 percent of all the women's injuries. The greatest numbers of temporary disabilities occurred in hotels, with 671, department and general merchandise stores with 532, drug stores with 247, chain groceries with 212, and power laundries with 171.

The proportion of fatalities and permanent disabilities among injuries occurring to men was higher than that for women-0.5 percent of all men's injuries were fatal and 1.6 percent permanently disabling. Over half of the 52 fatalities among men occurred in four industries: 8 in natural gas distribution, 7 in hotels, and 6 each in electric light and power companies and fuel and ice dealers.

There were 152 permanently disabling injuries to men. Retail trades reported 71, of which 21 occurred among fuel and ice dealers, 11 in dairy products, and 9 each in lumber and building materials and in motor vehicle firms. In wholesale trade, food shops reported 9 and farm products dealers 7 of the 41 permanent injuries to men. Forty occurred in industries other than trade, 18 of them in electric light and power.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The injury experience of women in industry in 1945 has been reported as it is shown in some 20,000 establishments employing about 34 million workers. Of these workers, over a million, or about 30 percent, were women. These figures represent a larger coverage of injuries by sex of the worker than has hitherto been available and consequently may be expected to yield a broader understanding of the extent of the problem of industrial injuries as it relates separately to men and women.

The actual number of injuries sustained by women and the occurrence of serious injuries point to certain industries as having particular need for safety programs. During one quarter of the year, for example, the 11,000 women working in slaughtering and meat packing received 165 injuries, or 1 for every 67 women. In stamped and pressed metal products, the quarter's record was 1 injury for every 76 women; in fabricated metal products, 1 in 155; and in textiles and cotton yarns, 1 in 186. The annual record in nonmanufacturing industries shows 1 injury for every 22 women in chain groceries; 1 for every 26 in drug stores; 1 in 42 in variety and limitedprice stores; 1 in 44 in hotels; 1 in 82 in laundries; and 1 in 94 in department and general merchandise stores. These figures represent a serious accumulation of injuries, a loss of working time and production, and particularly an amount of human distress, that call for remedy.

About 4 percent of the injuries in manufacturing resulted in death or permanent disability. In nonmanufacturing, the proportion was smaller, being less than 1 percent for women and about 2 percent for men. These small percentages, however, represent 91 lives lost and over a thousand people permanently disabled in manufacturing industries during one quarter of 1945; and in nonmanufacturing, 54 workers who died and 160 who were permanently disabled through the year. Based on records covering only a sample of the establishments throughout the country, these figures give but a partial picture of the national loss in lives and productivity.

In general, the frequency of injuries in various industries is considerably lower for women than for men. It is also lower for women working in nonmanufacturing than for those in manufacturing plants; and in manufacturing, lower among nonproduction than among production workers. In the absence of occupational classifications of the workers who were injured, we can only infer from general knowledge of the work of men and women, the comparative risks that men and women face. It is probable that in industries in which rates. are found to be comparable for men and women-such as the manufacture of stamped and pressed metal products, jewelry and silverware, and boots and shoes in manufacturing, chain food stores and brokerage and banking firms in nonmanufacturing-the actual jobs and working conditions, with attendant exposure to hazards, are also similar.

The stamped and pressed metal products industries show a high rate for both men and women, indicating special need for a program to improve the record. Other industries also call for special attention-slaughtering and meat packing, furniture and lumber prod

ucts, and lumber mills, where rates are less comparable but still very high for both men and women; and those industries in which, though women's rates are low, men's rates are seriously high.

In all these industries particular efforts are needed to develop a program that will reduce the material and personal losses incurred through industrial injury.

Recognizing the generally more favorable aspect of women's injury experience as compared with men's we must nevertheless not lose sight of the real problem of high rates wherever they occur, and the necessity to reduce all rates to a minimum. The basic principles of an effective safety program apply throughout industry, regardless of whether the workers affected are men or women.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE WOMEN'S BUREAU

For complete list of publications, write the Women's Bureau.

Single copies of these publications--or a small supply for special educational purposes-may be secured through the Women's Bureau without charge, as long as the free supply lasts. These bulletins may be purchased direct from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D. C., at prices listed. A discount of 25 percent on orders of 100 or more copies is allowed. Leaflets may be secured from the Women's Bureau.

Bulletins available for distribution, published since 1940

Νο.

157. The Legal Status of Women in the United States of America, January 1938, Cumulative

United States Summary. 1941. 89 pp. 15¢. No. 157-A.
1946. 10¢. Leaflet-Women's Eligibil-

Supplement, 1938-1945. 31 pp.
ity for July Duty. June 1, 1947.

175. Earnings in the Women's and Children's Apparel Industry in the Spring of 1939. 91 pp. 1940. 15¢.

176. Application of Labor Legislation to the Fruit and Vegetable Canning and Preserving Industries. 162 pp. 1940. 20¢.

177. Earnings and Hours in Hawaii Woman-Employing Industries. 53 pp. 1940. 10¢.

178. Women's Wages and Hours in Nebraska. 51 pp. 1940. 10¢.

180. Employment in Service and Trade Industries in Maine. 30 pp. 1940. 10¢. 182. Employment of Women in the Federal Government, 1923 to 1939. 60 pp. 1941. 10¢.

183. Women Workers in Their Family Environment. (City of Cleveland, State of Utah.) 82 pp. 1941. 15¢.

185. The Migratory Labor Problem in Delaware. 24 pp.

1941. 10¢.

186. Earnings and Hours in Pacific Coast Fish Canneries. 30 pp. 1941. 10¢. 187. Labor Standards and Competitive Market Conditions in the Canned-Goods Industry. 34 pp. 1941. 10¢.

188. Office Work in 5 Cities in 1940:

1. Houston (10¢); 2. Los Angeles (10¢); 3. Kansas City (15¢); 4. Richmond (15¢); 5. Philadelphia (15¢); Chart, Salary Rates in 5 Cities. 189. Part 1. Women's Factory Employment in an Expanding Aircraft Production Program. 12 pp. 1942. 5¢. (See Bull. 192–1.)

Part 4. Employment of and Demand for Women Workers in the Manufacture of Instruments-Aircraft, Optical and Fire-Control, and Surgical and Dental. 20 pp. 1942. 5¢.

190. Recreation and Housing for Women War Workers: A Handbook on Standards. 40 pp. 1942. 10¢.

191. State Minimum-Wage Laws and Orders, 1942: An Analysis. 52 pp. and 6 folders. 1942. 20¢. Supplements through 1946. Mimeo. Progress of Minimum-Wage Legislation, 1943-1945. 192. Reports on employment of women in wartime industries: 1. Aircraft Assembly Plants (106); 2. Artillery Ammunition Plants (5¢); 3. Manufacture of Cannon and Small Arms (10¢); 4. Machine Tool Industry (10¢); 5. Steel (104); 6. Shipyards (20¢); 7. Foundries (104); 8. Army Supply Depots (104); 9. Cane-Sugar Refineries (10¢).

195. Women Workers in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay. 15 pp. 1942. 5¢. 196. "Equal Pay" for Women in War Industries. 26 pp. 1942. 10¢.

197. Women Workers in Some Expanding Wartime Industries-New Jersey, 1942. 44 pp. 1943. 10¢.

198. Employment and Housing Problems of Migratory Workers in New York and New Jersey Canning Industries, 1943. 35 pp. 1944. 10¢.

No.

199. Successful Practices in the Employment of Nonfarm Women on Farms in the Northeastern States. 44 pp. 1944. 10¢.

200. British Policies and Methods in Employing Women in Wartime. 44 pp. 1944. 10¢.

201. Employment Opportunities in Characteristic Industrial Occupations of Women. 50 pp. 1944.

10¢.

202. State Labor Laws for Women with Wartime Modifications, Dec. 15, 1944. Part I. Analysis of Hour Laws. 110 pp. 1945. 15¢.

Part II. Analysis of Plant Facilities Laws. 43 pp. 1945. 10¢.

Part III. Analysis of Regulatory Laws, Prohibitory Laws, Maternity
Laws. 12 pp. 1945. 5¢.

Part IV. Analysis of Industrial Home-Work Laws. 26 pp. 1945. 10¢.
Part V. Explanation and Appraisal. 66 pp. 1946. 15¢.

203. The Outlook for Women in Occupations in the Medical and Other Health Services.

No. 1. Physical Therapists. 14 pp. 1945. 10¢.

No. 2. Occupational Therapists. 15 pp. 1945. 10¢.
No. 3. Professional Nurses. 66 pp. 1946. 15¢.
No. 4. Medical Laboratory Technicians. 10 pp. 1945. 10¢.
No. 5. Practical Nurses and Hospital Attendants. 20 pp. 1945. 10¢.
No. 6. Medical Record Librarians. 9 pp. 1945. 10¢.
No. 7. Women Physicians. 28 pp. 1945. 10¢.
No. 8. X-Ray Technicians. 14 pp. 1945. 10¢.
No. 9. Women Dentists. 21 pp. 1945. 10¢.
No. 10. Dental Hygienists. 17 pp. 1945. 10¢.

No. 11. Physicians' and Dentists' Assistants. 15 pp. 1946. 10¢.

No. 12. Trends and Their Effect Upon the Demand for Women Workers. 55 pp. 1946. 154.

204. Women's Emergency Farm Service on the Pacific Coast in 1943. 36 pp. 1945. 10¢.

205. Negro Women War Workers. 23 pp. 1945. 10¢.

206. Women Workers in Brazil. 42 pp. 1946. 10¢.

207. The Woman Telephone Worker. 38 pp. 1946. 10¢.

207-A. Typical Women's Jobs in the Telephone Industry. (In press.)

208. Women's Wartime Hours of Work--The Effect on their Factory Performance and Home Life. 187 pp. 1947. 35¢.

209. Women Workers in Ten War Production Areas and Their Postwar Employment Plans. (Springfield-Holyoke, Baltimore, Dayton-Springfield, Detroit-Willow Run, Kenosha, Wichita, Mobile, Seattle-Tacoma, San Francisco-Oakland, and Erie County, N. Y.) 56 pp. 1946. 15¢.

210. Women Workers in Paraguay. 16 pp. 1946. 10¢.

211. Employment of Women in the Early Postwar Period, with Background of Prewar and War Data. 14 pp. 1946. 10¢.

212. Industrial Injuries to Women. (In press.)

213. Women Workers in Peru. (In press.)

214. Maternity-Benefits Under Union-Contract Health Insurance Plans. (In press.)

215. Women Workers in Power Laundries. (In press.)

216. Women Workers After VJ-Day in One Community-Bridgeport, Conn. (In press.)

217. International Work for Status of Women. (In press.)

218. Women's Occupations Through Seven Decades. (In press.)

219. Earnings for Women Factory Workers, 1946. (In press.)

Special bulletins

No.

2. Lifting and Carrying Weights by Women in Industry. Rev. 1946. 12 pp. 5¢. 3. Safety Clothing for Women in Industry. 11 pp. 1941. 104. Supplements: Safety Caps for Women Machine Operators. 4 pp. 1944. 5¢. Safety Shoes for Women War Workers. 4 pp. 1944. 5¢.

4. Washing and Toilet Facilities for Women War Workers. 11 pp. 1942. 5¢. 10. Women's Effective War Work Requires Good Posture. 6 pp. 1943. 5¢. 13. Part-Time Employment of Women in Wartime. 17 pp. 1943. 10¢.

14. When You Hire Women. 16 pp. 1944. 10¢.

15. Community Services for Women War Workers. 11 pp. 1944. 5¢.

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