Other research foundations such as the Carnegie Institution, the Mellon Institute, and the Batelle Memorial Institute have women chemists on their staffs. Although the Carnegie Institution in 1946 in its Department of Genetics at Cold Spring Harbor employed only 1 woman chemist and 13 women research assistants and technical assistants whose training was chemical or biological, Mellon Institute had 3 women fellows in its department of research in pure chemistry, 1 woman fellow in chemical physics, and 15 in applied science (31). Most of these fellows had doctor's or master's degrees. In addition, more than 100 women served as aids to the research personnel, their grade varying from those of research associate and assistant to that of technician (31). Batelle Memorial Institute in Columbus, Ohio, in December 1945 employed five women with bachelor's degrees in chemistry as technical laboratory assistants and seven as research engineers. Hundreds of smaller research institutes or projects, established for the most part in connection with colleges or universities and financed by private, industrial, or government funds, employ women chemists as regular staff members or on fellowship or scholarship arrangements. The Ellen H. Richards Institute at Pennsylvania State College, named for one of the first women to achieve distinction in chemistry, for example, is engaged in the chemistry and physics of problems in foods and nutrition, textiles and clothing, and household equipment. Its work is supported by the Department of Health of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and other agencies of government, foundations, various trade associations, and private industry. The National Research Council in 1946 listed almost 300 colleges and universities offering research service to industry (34).

Although most of the wartime research projects at the University of Chicago, Columbia, and other universities which were financed by the Federal Government have been discontinued, some are proceeding on a smaller scale under the Atomic Energy Commission. Much of the peacetime technical research of the Army and Navy co-ordinated by the Joint Board for Research and Development is farmed out to colleges, including such institutions as Northwestern University, where a 2-year program of chemical research in the field of inorganic solids is financed by the Signal Corps. Although some of these research projects employ no women and others employ only a few, some of the larger ones engage a substantial number.

Teaching

Chemists differ markedly from other scientist's in their type of employment because industrial employment engages so high, and teaching so relatively low, a proportion among them. In 1946, as before the war, almost two-thirds of the members of the American Chemical

Society were in industry, while one-fourth of the total were divided fairly evenly between teaching and government (20). In teaching, the number approached 6,000.

Among women chemists, teaching has always been a relatively important outlet especially for holders of the Ph. D. Recognition of outstanding performance seems to be achieved more readily by women chemists in teaching than in other fields. Almost two-thirds of the 82 women listed in the 1937 Chemical Who's Who were in college teaching (26). The wartime decrease in supply of those with advanced degrees, a shortage which is expected to last until 1950, increased the opportunities for women (38). A study of the catalogs of 330 institutions of higher education in the United States, included in a United States Office of Education enrollment sample, revealed approximately 400 women on chemistry faculties in the year following the war. If these institutions are as representative of the faculties in all institutions of higher education as they are of their enrollments. there were almost 1,700 women chemists on college faculties in 1946, ranging in rank from graduate assistants to full professors.

Opportunities for women in the teaching of chemistry in secondary schools continued to be much greater than before the war. Although the urgency of the wartime demand had disappeared, the specialist in science education in the United States Office of Education in 1947 believed that the long-time trend toward an increase in applied science courses in high schools is increasing women's chances for employment. Although men teachers may be available, women are more likely to be chosen, for example, to teach courses in "consumer science" or "household chemistry" than to teach a college preparatory course in chemistry.

Chemical Library and Related Work

As the volume of chemical literature has increased and as laboratories have grown, an increasing number of chemists have been employed in special libraries established by industrial, government, educational, and research organizations for the use of their personnel. Besides their usual duties of ordering and cataloging incoming books, pamphlets, and periodicals, these librarians prepare bibliographies and special summaries of published data pertaining to current problems on which the laboratory staff is working.

In a small laboratory the librarian will do all of these things and may also search for patents taken out on processes or devices related to those on which the laboratory is working. She may edit reports or publications of the staff, or do some writing herself. She may also be in charge of the technical files. However, in larger research units, there are assistant librarians as well as specialists in these related fields.

A technical clerical staff may supervise the filing and secretarial work; there may be one or more patent searchers, preferably with some legal or engineering training, to do the patent work. For the preparation of reports and publications there may be an editorial or publications staff which edits, arranges, and sometimes plans the reports and publications of the technical staff.

Between 5 and 6 percent of the women chemists found employed in industry in 1946 in the course of this study were engaged in work of this sort. More than half of these were classified as librarians or assistant librarians. One-fourth were secretaries or technical file clerks. One-eighth were on patent searching. Facility in languages along with chemical knowledge and training in the specialized techniques of the work are important on these related jobs. The caliber of this work is indicated by the fact that a good number of women holding the master's and doctor's degrees were found especially among the patent searchers and librarians. (See Bulletin 223-8 for the outlook for technical librarians.)

Postwar Demand

The demand for women chemists, as illustrated so spectacularly during the war, varies with the demand for men chemists. Most of the evidence indicates that the demand will increase in the long-run, after a temporary decline from the war peak. The factors contributing to the increase are as follows:

(1) Increases in industrial research, in which chemists and engineers predominate. Almost 2,500 industrial research laboratories are listed in the 1946 directory of the National Research Council as compared with 297 in 1920. More than 21,000 chemists were employed in such laboratories in 1946 (34).

(2) Continued growth of the principal industries in which chemists are employed, such as the chemical industries, including drugs and medicines; petroleum and coal products industries; foods industries. More than half of the executives in a recent Fortune poll indicated the chemical industry as the one which they would advise a young man looking for a start after the war to make his first choice (22).

(3) Greater emphasis on synthetic products in the development and manufacture of which chemistry is essential. Plastics, synthetic rubber, synthetic yarns and textiles are examples.

(4) Expansion of medical research in which chemists work with other scientists and physicians in the field of biological or physiological chemistry.

(5) Increasing use of powerful drugs and medicines which require not only laboratory work in their manufacture but laboratory analyses as they are used.

(6) Increasing expenditures of the Federal Government for research on medical, industrial, agricultural, and military problems involving chemistry. In 1947, 2,700 chemists were so employed by the Federal Government (30). The proposed National Science Foundation would further encourage chemical research in nonprofit research organizations.

(7) Discoveries stemming from war research which encourage research into their application: new uses for radio-active substances produced as atomic fission byproducts, for example.

(8) Addition of public health laboratories at State and local levels.

(9) Growing public interest in such protective inspection of chemical products as that under the Food and Drug Administration.

(10) Increased popular interest in chemistry affecting the demand for teachers, lecturers, writers, editors.

(11) Greater enrollments in courses in chemistry in colleges, technical schools, and high schools, requiring additional instructors.

- On the negative side, there are only a few factors tending to decrease the demand. These all fall under the classification of more efficient utilization of the knowledge and skills of chemists such as: the concentration of research facilities to encourage specialization and make profitable the use of better equipment; the splitting up of jobs to provide for more assistance by nonprofessional workers to those with unusual skills; and the development of a variety of mechanical devices for computing, sorting, testing, and analyzing, which save time and labor in the laboratory. However, such utilization, while it may temporarily reduce the need for additional workers, conserves the powers of the chemist for creative work, which is the well-spring of new sources of employment in the industry.

Perhaps the best barometer of the current and future demand for women recently graduated with degrees in chemistry are the schools which train them and often assist in their placement. Fifteen widely scattered colleges and universities were unanimous in their postwar comments on the demand for their women graduates in chemistry. All reported a definite drop in quantity of openings in 1947 as compared with that during the war, but indicated that all their graduates were easily placed. Although industries were not actively recruiting, girls who applied at industrial laboratories were well received and often hired. The demand for biochemists and for women for medical research was particularly active; pharmaceutical companies were among those recruiting women for beginning laboratory jobs.

An increasing number of calls for nonlaboratory placements were being received. Technical librarians, patent searchers, and chemical secretaries were being actively recruited. In 1947, teaching assistantships were still hard to fill with qualified women, although interest in graduate work was picking up, and private preparatory schools were accepting girls with only the bachelor's degree for science teaching. All reported a continuing demand for the woman with her Ph. D. As the head of the chemistry department in a midwest State university remarked, "There has always been and always will be a good demand for women Ph. D.'s especially in biological chemistry and in modern analytical chemistry."

The 1946 employment of 85 women recently graduated with the bachelor's degree in chemistry, as reported by their colleges, is contrasted in table 9 with the wartime employment of 229 women gradu