Regarding training, a number of suggestions were made. Many employers commented that most women applicants didn't have enough courses in chemistry. Women chemists and placement directors stressed the need for more mathematics and physics along with chemistry. Training in report-writing and in oral reporting was recommended. Typewriting and stenographic skills were also suggested as being useful on laboratory as well as nonlaboratory jobs. For research, for technical library work, or for literature searching, German, French, and Russian were mentioned as desirable languages. One woman urged a knowledge of engineering subjects for those who plan to go into industrial laboratories because of their need for understanding of processes. A director of research of a large foods company advised:

Teach them what industry requires. Those from small colleges especially have no idea of industrial processes or what industry is about.

Another aspect of this gulf between college training and the job in industry or Government is illustrated by a placement director who reported difficulty in placing in industry young women graduating with the bachelor's degree in chemistry who want to do research but don't want to do factory or routine work first. She noted, however, that those who have had contact with industry have a different attitude. A girl, for example, whose uncle was director of research in an oil company willingly started on a calculating job as part of the learning process. Obviously, visits to the type of laboratory in which one may wish some day to work, talks with women chemists, and, better still, some actual work experience in various types of chemist-employing establishments will help to bridge the gap between textbook and practice that the engineer is compelled to bridge to qualify for his engineering degree. A few laboratories employ women during the summer months when vacations temporarily reduce their regular staff, offering an opportunity for a try-out both to the college women and the firm.

The increased enrollments of women in chemistry in the war years has shown that there is a potential supply of women who will become chemists, if the opportunities for employment are encouraging. They also indicated, however, that these opportunities have not been great enough to induce many girls, as compared with boys, to consider chemistry at an early age as a possible career. One prominent woman chemist attributes the small number of women with doctorates to the fact that some professors discourage women, because they are afraid they cannot place them. Even more serious is the diversion that takes place in the high school, when the average daughter is discouraged from taking mathematics, physics, and chemistry, while the son is

customarily urged to do so. The chemical set under the Christmas tree invariably goes to the boy in the family, although later the girl may be found to enjoy it as well. Girls, then, and young women, later. need full opportunity to demonstrate and to develop their interest, if we are ever to know to what extent the small number of women in chemistry is due to biological factors and how much it is influenced by environment and custom. Meanwhile, there is room for more women in chemistry, that is, women who can be truly described as "well-qualified."

Minimum Education and Experience Requirements for Application for Beginning Federal Civil Service Position as Junior Professional Assistant With Option in Chemistry ($2,644 a Year)

(As taken from Civil Service Announcement No. 75, issued October 14, 1947, closed November 4, 1947) 1

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Applicants must have successfully completed one of the following:

A. A full 4-year course, in a college or university of recognized standing, leading to a bachelor's degree in chemistry. This study must have included courses in chemistry consisting of lectures, recitations, and appropriate practical laboratory work totaling at least 30 semester hours; or

B. Courses in chemistry, in a college or university of recognized standing, consisting of lectures, recitations and appropriate practical laboratory work totaling at least 30 semester hours; plus additional appropriate experience or education which, when combined with the 30 semester hours in chemistry, will total 4 years of education and experience and give the applicant the substantial equivalent of a 4-year college course.

In either A or B above, the courses must have included analytical chemistry, both quantitative and qualitative, and in addition, any two of the following: (a) Advanced inorganic chemistry; (b) biochemistry; (c) organic chemistry; (d) physical chemistry.

Requirements for Membership in the American Chemical Society (1)

Full Membership.-An adequate collegiate training in chemistry or chemical engineering, or its equivalent, and 5 years of graduate training or experience in some form of chemical work. Only 2 years of postgraduate study or experience are required from those who have studied in a department of chemistry or chemical engineering accredited by the ACS and who have been certified by the head of the department as having completed the course recommended by the society.

Junior Membership.-Adequate basic training but insufficient graduate study and/or experience for member, senior grade, or inadequate training but engaged in chemical work.

1 For more complete and later information, consult latest announcements of the Civil Service Commission posted in first-and second-class post offices.

Minimum Requirements for Bachelor's Degree in Chemistry From a School Approved by the American Chemical Society

The minimum course requirements in chemistry for the bachelor's degree consist of four basic year courses in general chemistry (which may include qualitative analysis), analytical chemistry, physical chemistry, and organic chemistry, together with at least one advanced course. These courses must meet the following general requirements:

1. General chemistry1 which may include qualitative analysis (30 weeks including three lecture or recitation hours and four to six laboratory hours weekly).

2. Quantitative analysis (30 weeks, including not less than 8 hours a week of which 2 will be devoted to discussion of principles-should include some training in qualitative analysis, if not covered in another course).

3. Physical chemistry 2 (30 weeks, including three lecture or recitation hours and three laboratory hours weekly).

4. Organic chemistry (30 weeks, three lecture or recitation hours and five to six laboratory hours weekly-must include organic preparations work and should include qualitative organic analysis unless special course in that offered).

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5. Advanced chemistry (30 weeks, including two lecture or recitation hours and three to four laboratory hours for 15 weeks. May be in: inorganic, analytical, physical, organic chemistry, or biochemistry).

The minimum training for professional chemists must also include the following:

1. Physics—at least one year (30 weeks including three lecture or recitation hours and three laboratory hours weekly).

2. Mathematics-2 years of college work (including 1 year of differential and integral calculus).

3. Foreign languages-a reading knowledge of scientific German is required. Russian or French is advised as a second language.

4. English composition-1 year (including writing of some technical papers or reports).

5. Humanities at least the equivalent of one-half year's study in subjects in fields other than those prescribed.

1 High-school algebra and geometry are prerequisites.

2 Quantitative analysis, a year of general physics, and a year of differential and integral calculus are prerequisites.

3 Three years of chemistry prerequisite.

SOURCES TO WHICH REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE TEXT

(1) American Chemical Society. The American Chemical Society. What it is and does. Washington, D. C., the Society (undated). 11 pp.

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

The economic status of members of the American Chemical Society. Approved report of the Committee on Economic Status. Prepared by Andrew Fraser, Jr. Washington, D. C., the Society, 1942. (Reprinted from Chemical and Engineering News, Vol. 20; Nos. 20, 22, 23, 24. 1942. p. 4, and table 3, p. 5.)

Professional chemical workers in war and peace. An analysis of the economic status of the members of the American Chemical Society, 1941 to 1943. By Andrew Fraser, Jr., based on a survey conducted by the Committee on Professional and Economic Status, 1941 to 1943. Washington, D. C., the Society, 1944. 42 pp. (Reprinted from Chemical and Engi

neering News, vol. 22. Nos. 10, 13, 16, 19.)

Vocational guidance in chemistry and chemical engineering. Washington, D. C., the Society, 1939. 16 pp.

Vocational guidance in chemistry and chemical engineering. Washington, D. C., the Society, August 1944. 19 pp.

Committee on Professional Training. List of institutions qualified to offer professional training for chemists. Washington, D. C., the Society, December 1946. (Reprinted from Chemical and Engineering News 24: 3301-3302, December 25, 1946.)

(7) American Chemical Society News. Cleveland employment clearing house. Chemical and Engineering News 22: 712, May 10, 1944.

(8)

Progress report No. 14 of the Committee on Professional Training. Chemical and Engineering News 24-3301-3305, December 25, 1946. (9) American Chemical Society Official Reports. Awards administered by the American Chemical Society. The woman's award in chemistry. Chemical and Engineering News 24: 2660–2662, October 10, 1946.

(10) American Chemical Society Predoctoral Fellowship Awards. Chemical and Engineering News 24: 1485-1486, June 10, 1946.

(11) American Council on Education. Report of Committee on Graduate Instruction. Washington, D. C., the Council, April 1934. 43 pp. (12) American Paper and Pulp Association. Report of Sub-Committee of the Industrial Relations Committee on “Women in the paper industry." New York, N. Y., the Association, 122 East 42d Street, April 26, 1943. Mimeo. (13) Anderson, Forrest A. Getting the right job. Chemical and Engineering News 21: 1331-1333, August 25, 1943.

(14) Billings, Erle M. 1943-44 survey of chemistry and chemical engineering students. Made for the National Roster of Scientific and Specialized Personnel in cooperation with the American Chemical Society. Chemical and Engineering News 21: 294–295, March 10, 1943. (15) Chemical education plans for postwar.

November 1945.

Chemical Industries 57: 833-835,

(16) Chemistry and physics enrollments. Education for Victory 2:22, May

20, 1944.

(17) Cleaveland, Marion. Women chemists in Cleveland war industries. Chemical and Engineering News 22: 438-439, March 25, 1944.