able. Statistics, home economics, and interior decorating are other fields with which drafting training might well be combined, according to one educator (68). Too long has drafting been considered almost exclusively a man's field. There is nothing in the nature of the work that is prohibitive to women, but because of the prevailing reluctance to accept women in this work the woman who wants to become a draftsman will do well to develop a specialty which will give her an advantage in obtaining employment in this field.

Surveyor as Defined in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (54)

"Surveyor; chief of party; party chief (professional and kindred) 0-64.10. Supervises, directs, and is responsible for the accuracy of the work of an engineering survey party engaged in determining the exact location and measurements of points, elevations, lines, areas, and contours on the earth's surface for purposes of securing data for construction, map making, land valuation, mining, or other purposes; calculates information needed to conduct survey from notes, maps, deeds, or other records; keeps accurate notes, records, and sketches of work performed or data secured; verifies by calculations the accuracy of survey data secured; adjusts surveying instruments to keep them accurate, or oversees the adjustments by Instrument Man as a regular part of his duties. Different branches and types of surveying require special techniques gained through experience or training, and Surveyors are specifically designated by title according to the type of surveying work performed, as surveyor, land; surveyor, marine; surveyor, mine; surveyor, railroad; surveyor, topographical.”

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THE OUTLOOK FOR WOMEN AS SURVEYORS

Many civil engineers enter their profession by serving a sort of apprenticeship as a surveyor or member of a survey party, and all civi engineers receive training in surveying as part of their engineering course. However, many surveyors are high-school graduates (geometry and trigonometry are essential) who have been trained on the job. either as an axman who clears the way in rough territory, or as a rodman or chainman who handles the pole for sighting or the measuring tape and learns gradually to use surveying instruments to measure and record data on boundary lines and elevations and to prepare contour

maps.

Of the 13,344 surveyors employed in the United States in 1940 according to the United States Census, only 101, or 0.8 percent, were women (43).

Most States (32 in 1942) provide for the licensing of surveyors. An examination or graduation from an approved school or college of surveying supplemented by a specified period of surveying practice, varying from 1 to 6 years, are the usual minimum requirements (47). Those engaged in independent practice or as chief surveyors usually obtain such licenses; employees working under a licensed surveyor whose stamp of approval can be placed on their work do not find it necessary to have one.

During the war, the curtailment of building reduced the demand for surveyors except for military and certain other essential wartime construction. Servicemen, for the most part, were used for Army surveying work. Almost no women, either in military or civilian service, were used as surveyors, although the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey reported that a few women were employed on some of their surveying parties as recorders. They were usually residents of the areas in which they were employed or relatives of male members of the party. Except in cases of this sort, there is almost no opportunity for women in this field.

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Minimum Education and Experience Requirements for Application for Beginning Federal Civil Service Position as Junior Professional Assistant with Option as Engineer ($2,644 a year)

(As taken from Civil Service Announcement No. 75, issued October 14, 1947, closed November 4, 1947.)1

Optional branches of engineering.-Aeronautical, chemical, civil, electrical, mechanical, metallurgical, mining, naval architecture, and others.

The registers resulting from the examination for engineer will be used to fill all types of professional engineering positions at this level. Applicants must have successfully completed one of the following: A. A standard professional engineering curriculum leading to a bachelor's degree in a college or university of recognized standing; or B. Four years of successful and progressive experience in technical engineering. This experience must show a thorough knowledge of the fundamental physical and mathematical sciences underlying professional engineering, and a good understanding (both theoretical and practical) of the engineering sciences and techniques, and their applications to the branch of engineering for which the competitor is applying. The experience must show that the applicant possesses an understanding of engineering equivalent to that which would have been acquired through successful completion of a standard engineering curriculum in a college or university of recognized standing; or

C. Any time-equivalent combination of (A) training and (B) experience above.

Minimum Education and Experience Requirements for Application for Federal Civil Service Position as Engineering Aid ($1,822 to $2,644 a year)

(As taken from Civil Service Announcement No. 17, issued August 29, 1946, closed October 10, 1946.)1

A. Experience-Except for the substitution of education provided for below, persons who apply for an engineering aid position must have had experience in engineering, as follows:

For more complete and later information, consult latest announcements of the Civil Service Commission posted in first- and second-class post offices.