When the Philippines were ceded to the United States, this country immediately abolished the opium traffic in those islands. This was in line with the steadfast policy of the United States, which has had as its aim the complete suppression and prohibition of the production of and traffic in habit-forming narcotic drugs except for strictly medicinal and scientific purposes. This program is attested to by the following excerpts from treaties with China, Corea, and Japan: CHINA. 1880. TREATY AS TO COMMERCIAL INTERCOURSE AND JUDICIAL PROCEDURE, CONCLUDED NOVEMBER 17, 1880. The Governments of China and of the United States mutually agree and undertake that Chinese subjects shall not be permitted to import opium into any of the ports of the United States; and citizens of the United States shall not be permitted to import opium into any of the open ports of China; to transport it from one open port to any other open port; or to buy and sell opium in any of the open ports of China. This absolute prohibition, which extends to vessels owned by the citizens or subjects of either power, to foreign vessels employed by them, or to vessels owned by the citizens or subjects of either power and employed by other persons for the transportation of opium, shall be enforced by appropriate legislation on the part of China and the United States: and the benefits of the favored nation clause in existing treaties shall not be claimed by the citizens or subjects of either power as against the provisions of this article. * TREATY AS TO COMMERCIAL RELATIONS, CONCLUDED OCTOBER 8, 1903. The Government of the United States consents to the prohibition by the Government of China of the importation into China of morphia and of instruments for its injection, excepting morphia and instruments for its injection imported for medical purposes, on payment of tariff duty, and under regulations to be framed by China which shall effectually restrict the use of such import to the said purposes. This prohibition shall be uniformly applied to such importation from all countries. The Chinese Government undertakes to adopt at once measures to prevent the manufacture in China of morphia and of instruments for its injection. TREATY OF PEACE, AMITY, COMMERCE AND NAVIGATION, CONCLUDED MAY 22, 1882. The Governments of the United States and of Chosen mutually agree and undertake that subjects of Chosen shall not be permitted to import opium into any of the ports of the United States, and citizens of the United States shall not be permitted to import opium into any of the open ports of Chosen, to transport it from one open port to another open port, or to traffic in it in Chosen. This absolute prohibition which extends to vessels owned by the citizens or subjects of either Power, to foreign vessels employed by them, and to vessels owned by the citizens or subject of either Power and employer by other persons for the transportation of opium, shall be enforced by appropriate legislation on the part of the United States and of Chosen, and offenders against it shall be severely punished. * * JAPAN. TREATY OF COMMERCE AND NAVIGATION, CONCLUDED JULY 29,1858. The importation of opium is prohibited, and any American vessel coming to Japan for the purpose of trade, having more than 3 catties' (4 pounds avoirdupois) weight of opium on board, such surplus quantity shall be seized and destroyed by the Japanese authorities. All goods imported into Japan, and which have paid the duty fixed by this treaty, may be transported by the Japanese into any part of the Empire without the payment of any tax, excise, or transit duty whatever. No higher duties shall be paid by Americans on goods imported into Japan than are fixed by this treaty, nor shall any higher duties be paid by Americans than are levied on the same description of goods if imported in Japanese vessels, or the vessels of any other nation. [Excerpts from Treaty Series No. 612, Convention and Final Protocal between the United States and Other Powers. Suppression of the Abuse of Opium and Other Drugs.] INTERNATIONAL OPIUM CONVENTION. His Majesty the German Emperor, King of Prussia in the name of the German Empire; the President of the United States of America; His Majesty the Emperor of China; the President of the French Republic; His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas, Emperor of India; His Majesty the King of Italy; His Majesty the Emperor of Japan; Her Majesty the Queen of the Netherlands; His Imperial Majesty the Shah of Persia; the President of the Portuguese Republic; His Majesty the Emperor of All the Russias; His Majesty the King of Siam being desirous to take one step further in the way marked out by the international commission at Shanghai in 1909; resolved to pursue progressive suppression of the abuse of opium, morphine, cocaine as well as drugs prepared or derived from these substances giving rise or which may give rise to analogous abuses; taking into considerarion the necessity and the mutual profit of an international understanding on this point; being convinced that they will meet in this humanitarian effort the unanimous adhesion of all the nations interested, have resolved to conclude a convention for this purpose and have appginted as their plenipotentiaries, to wit: His Majesty the German Emperor, King of Prussia: His Excellency Mr. Félix de Müller, his present privy counsellor, his envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at The Hague. Mr. Delbrück, his superior privy counsellor, Doctor Grunenwald, his counsellor of legation, Doctor Kerp, his privy counsellor, director at the imperial health office. President of the United States of America: Bishop Charles H. Brent. Dr. Hamilton Wright. Mr. H. J. Finger. His Majesty the Emperor of China: His Excellency Mr. Liang Cheng, his envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Berlin. The President of the French Republic: Mr. Henry Brenier, inspector of the agricultural and commercial services of Indo-China. Mr. Pierre Guesde, administrator of the civil services of Indo-China. His Majesty the King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the British Dominions Beyond the Seas, Emperor of India: The Right Hon. Sir Cecil Clementi Smith, G. C. M. G., member of the privy council. Sir William Stevenson Meyer, K. C. I. E., chief secretary of the Government of Madras. Mr. William Grenvell Max-Muller, C. B., M. V. O., his counsellor of embassy. Sir William Job Collins, M. D., deputy lieutenant of the county of London. His Majesty the King of Italy: His Excellency Count J. Sallier de la Tour, Duke of Calvello, his ambassador extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at The Hague. His Majesty the Emperor of Japan: His Excellency Mr. Aimaro Sato, his envoy extraordinary and minister plenipopotentiary at The Hague. Dr. Tomoe Takagi, engineer of the General Government of Formosa. Dr. Kotaro Nishizaki, technical specialist attached to the laboratory of hygienic service. Her Majesty the Queen of the Netherlands: Mr. J. T. Cremer, her former minister of the colonies, president of the Dutch Commercial Co. Mr. C. Th. van Deventer, member of the first chamber of the states general. Mr. A. A. de Jongh, former inspector general and chief of the opium régie service in the Dutch Indies. Mr. J. G. Scheurer, member of the second chamber of the states general. Mr. W. G. van Wettum, inspector of the opium régie in the Dutch Indies. His Imperial Majesty the Shah of Persia: Mirza Mahmoud Khan, secretary of the Persian Legation at The Hague. The President of the Portuguese Republic: His Excellency Mr. Antonio Maria Bartholomeu Ferreira, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at The Hague. His Majesty the King of all the Russias: His Excellency Mr. Alexandre Savinsky, his master of ceremonies, his present counsellor of state, his envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary at Stockholm. His Majesty the King of Siam: His Excellency Phya Akharaj Varadhara, His Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at London, The Hague and Brussels; Mr. Wm. J. Archer, C. M. G., His Counsellor of Legation. Who after having deposited their full powers which have been found to be in good and due form are agreed to that which follows: CHAPTER I. Raw opium. Definition. By raw opium shall be understood: The spontaneously coagulated sap obtained from capsules of the soporific poppy (Papaver somniferum), and which shall not have been subjected to any but the processes necessary to the packing and the transportation thereof. ARTICLE 1. The Contracting Powers shall enact efficacious laws or regulations for the control of the production and distribution of raw opium, unless existing laws or regulations have already regulated the matter. ARTICLE 2. The Contracting Powers, taking into account the differences in their trade conditions, shall limit the number of towns, ports or other places through which the importation or exportation of raw opium shall be permitted. ARTICLE 3. The Contracting Powers shall take measures: a. to prevent the exportation of raw opium to countries which shall have prohibited the entry thereof, and b. to control the exportation of raw opium to countries which shall have limited the importation thereof, Unless existing measures have already regulated the matter. ARTICLE 4. The Contracting Powers shall issue regulations to provide that every package containing raw opium destined for exportation shall be marked in such a manner as to indicate its contents, providing the consignment shall exceed 5 kilograms. ARTICLE 5. The Contracting Powers shall not permit the importation and exportation of raw opium except through duly authorized persons. CHAPTER II. Prepared opium. Definition. By prepared opium shall be understood: The product of raw opium obtained by a series of special processes, particularly by dissolution, boiling, heating and fermentation, and which is meant to be made into the form of an extract suitable for consumption. Prepared opium comprises dross and all other residues of smoked opium. ARTICLE 6. The Contracting Powers shall take measures for the gradual and efficacious suppression of the manufacture, the internal traffic in and the use of prepared opium in so far as the different conditions peculiar to each nation shall allow of this, unless existing measures have already regulated the matter. ARTICLE 7. The Contracting Powers shall prohibit the importation and exportation of prepared opium; however, those nations which are not yet ready to prohibit the exportation of prepared opium at once, shall prohibit such exportation as soon as possible. ARTICLE 8. The Contracting Powers which are not yet prepared to prohibit at once the exportation of prepared opium: a. shall limit the number of towns, ports or other places through which it shall be possible for prepared opium to be exported; b. shall prohibit the exportation of prepared opium to the countries which now prohibit, or which shall later prohibit the importation thereof; c. shall prohibit, in the meanwhile, that any prepared opium be sent to a country which desires to limit the entry thereof, unless the exporter shall conform to the regulations of the importing country; d. shall take measures to the effect that each package exported containing prepared opium shall bear a special mark indicating the nature of its contents; e. shall not permit the exportation of prepared opium except through the agency of persons especially authorized. CHAPTER III. Medicinal opium, morphine, cocaine, etc. Definitions. By medicinal opium shall be understood: raw opium which shall have been heated to 60 degrees centigrade whether or not powdered or granulated, or whether or not mixed with neutral substances, and which shall not contain less than 10% of morphine. By morphine shall be understood: the principal alkaloid of opium, expressed by the chemical formula C17H19NO3. By cocaine shall be understood: the principal alkaloid of the leaves of Erythroxylon Coca, expressed by the formula C17H2NO1. By heroin shall be understood: morphine-diacetylate, expressed by the formula C21H23NO5. ARTICLE 9. The Contracting Powers shall enact pharmacy laws and regulations in such a way as to limit the manufacture, the sale and the use of morphine, cocaine and their respective salts to medical and legitimate uses only, unless existing laws or regulations have already regulated the matter. They shall cooperate amongst themselves in order to prevent the use of these drugs for any other purpose. ARTICLE 10. The Contracting Powers shall use their best efforts to control, or to cause to be controlled all those who manufacture, import, sell, distribute and export morphine, cocaine and their respective salts, as well as the buildings where such persons exercise that industry or that commerce. To this end, the Contracting Powers shall use their best efforts to adopt or cause to be adopted the following measures, unless existing measures have already regulated the matter: a. to limit the manufacture of morphine, cocaine and their respective salts ro the premises and localities alone which shall have been authorized to this effect or to keep themselves informed as to the establishments and places where such drugs are manufactured, and to keep a register thereof; b. to demand that all those who manufacture, import, sell, distribute, and export morphine, cocaine, and their respective salts shall be provided with an authorization of a license to carry on these operations, or shall make an official declaration thereof to the competent authorities. c. to demand of these persons the register on their books the quantities manufactured, the importations, the sales or any other transfer and exportations of morphine, cocaine and their respective salts. This rule shall not apply necessarily to medical prescriptions and to sales made by duly authorized pharmacists. ARTICLE 11. The Contracting Powers shall take measures to prohibit in their internal commerce all transfer of morphine, cocaine and their respective salts to all nonauthorized persons, unless existing measures have already regulated the matter. ARTICLE 12. The Contracting Powers, taking the differences in their conditions into account, shall use their best efforts to limit the importation of morphine, cocaine and their respective salts, to authorized persons. ARTICLE 13. The Contracting Powers shall use their best efforts to adopt, or cause to be adopted, measures to the end that the exportation of morphine, cocaine and their respective salts from their countries, possessions, colonies and leased territories to the countries, possessions, colonies and leased territories of the other contracting powers, except in case the persons from whom the drugs are intended shall have received authorizations or permits granted in conformity with the laws or regulations of the importing country. To this end every government may from time to time communicate to the govern ments of the exporting countries lists of the persons to whom authorizations or permits to import morphine, cocaine, and their respective salts shall have been granted. ARTICLE 14. The Contracting Powers shall apply the laws and regulations for the manufacture, importation, sale or exportation of morphine, cocaine and their respective salts: a. to medicinal opium; b. to all preparations (officinal and non-officinal including the socalled anti-opium remedies) containing more than 0.2% of morphine or more than 0.1% of cocaine; c. to heroin, its salts and preparations containing more than 0.1% of heroin; d. to every new derivative of morphine, cocaine or their respective salts or to any other alkaloid of opium which might after generally recognized scientific investigations give rise to similar abuse and to result in the same injurious effects. CHAPTER IV. ARTICLE 15. The Contracting Powers having treaties with China (Treaty Powers) shall take, on concert with the Chinese Government, the measures necessary for the prevention of the smuggling, as well with respect to Chinese territory as with respect to their colonies in the Far East and the leased territories which they occupy in China, of raw and prepared opium, morphine, cocaine and their respective salts, as well as of the substances |