Doctor FOWLER. Forty-two ounces. How much illegal stuff was used nobody knows.

Mr. COOPER. It was made legal simply because it was in the form of law, and therefore not illegal technically speaking, but it might have been monstrous morally, because of a lack of supervision by the Government. A physician does the thing legally if he abides by the statute. There is a vital defect in the law which permits such a thing to be done, and at the same time be called legal. Doctor FOWLER. I question very much whether you need any additional legislation, because I think the present antinarcotic law is quite stringent if it is possible to enforce it.

Mr. COOPER: What did they prescribe 42 ounces of heroin in Washington, when you have admitted that is totaly unnessary, and has no legitimate place in the medical practice, and other physicians have said that.

Doctor FOWLER: That is my opinion, but a great many physicians differ with me, and feel that heroin is a useful drug.

Mr. COOPER: How many would there be in 42 ounces?

Doctor FowLER: It would depend on who was taking it. The average in a cough mixture 1/12 to 1/24 of a grain. It is used largely in cough mixtures. Doctor FOWLER: Physicians will differ as to the use. Some prescribe it right along.

The CHAIRMAN: They differ on the use of every drug we have.
Doctor FowLER: Yes, sir.

The CHAIRMAN: Many doctors say you should not take calomel and quinine, yet 98 per cent use it.

Doctor FOWLER: Yes. I only expressed my own view as to heroin,

Mr. BROOKMEYER: May I be pardoned for stating to the committee that I am general attorney for the National Association of Retail Druggists, and with respect to dispensing narcotic drugs I would like to be heard if possible. The CHAIRMAN: Yes. We would like to hear from you but we have several other witnesses.

STATEMENT OF W. F. BLANCHARD, INTERNAL REVENUE DEPARTMENT.

The CHAIRMAN. Where are you located?

Mr. BLANCHARD. With the Internal Revenue Department.

The CHAIRMAN. What division.

Mr. BLANCHARD. I am assistant head of the Narcotic Division, prohibition unit of the Internal Revenue.

The CHAIRMAN. Your name is?

Mr. BLANCHARD. W. F. Blanchard.

The CHAIRMAN. Have you made an estimate, as nearly as you can-I realize the difficulty of doing it-of the amount of drugs that are sold illegally, that come in from outside the boundaries of the United States?

Mr. BLANCHARD. Yes, sir. We made inquiries some six months ago of our agents in charge throughout the United States, as to the proportion of smuggled drugs in illicit channels, and the reply to that averaged 85 per cent. Just as a matter of interest, yesterday I had checked up the stock waiting destruction that is sent into the commissioner's office and passed upon by a committee · for destruction. I had that checked up, which was the quantity received since January 1. The destruction is every three months, and that checked up 65 per cent of foreign labels; therefore there is a minimum and a maximum estimate.

The CHAIRMAN. Sixty-five per cent foreign labels?

Mr. BLANCHARD. Of that. In that there is also drugs which have been forfeited by legitimate manufacturers and wholesale dealers and doctors going out of business, who frequently forfeit their drugs.

The CHAIRMAN. That is all. Doctor Bishop, I understand you want to appear. Doctor BISHOP. A number of people asked me to come, and I am here for anything you desire.

The CHAIRMAN. Perhaps we had better adjourn to-day. I hope to let you testify, but in haste I have asked for a number of people to come, and as a matter of courtesy I must hear them.

STATEMENT OF MR. TARAKNATH DAS, WASHINGTON, D. C.

Mr. Das. As this is a question of international importance and a question of limitation of drugs at the point of production, and as an American citizen, born in India, and who has studied the question very, very thoroughly, in fact who suggested to Mrs. Lamotte to make the investigation, and when I was studying in China and Japan I had the privilege of hearing the Indian situation, how opium production increased, I heard information as to its control, and I have gathered many facts, and the information which I have I think will be of value to this committee, and I beg the privilege of a hearing, if it is feasible. I was a professor in political science at Seattle, Wash., and am a candidate for my Ph. D. in the Georgetown University in this city, District of Columbia. The CHAIRMAN. How long have you been in the United States?

Mr. Das. About 16 years, the first time I came in, and then I was in China, Japan twice, and once in Europe.

The CHAIRMAN. You have prepared a statement, I understand, showing the conditions in India.

Mr. Das. The general conditions affecting India, China, the Malay Peninsula, and also the United States, so far as I could dig those conditions out in the Congressional Library in the last three days.

The CHAIRMAN. We would like to hear you.

Mr. COOPER. Yes; we would like to hear you.

The CHAIRMAN. The situation, as I told you this morning, is this:

This bill must be reported out Friday, at the latest Saturday night, and I have asked a number of people to attend, but would it be possible for you to be here to-morrow.

Mr. Das. Yes, sir; and probably 15 minutes will give you all the facts.

The CHAIRMAN. Doctor Bishop, that same applies to you. I hope you will understand that it is not for lack of desire to hear you now, but it because that I have asked other people to come first.

Doctor BISHOP. Yes, sir. I understand it.

(Thereupon the committee adjourned to meet Thursday, February 15, 1923, at 10 o'clock a. m.)

COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS,

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,

Washington, D. C., Thursday, February 15, 1923.

The committee met, pursuant to adjournment, at 11 o'clock a. m., Hon. Stephen G. Porter presiding.

Present: Representatives Porter (chairman), Temple, Moores, Ackerman, Cooper, Burton, Fairchild, Cole, Linthicum, and Cockran.

The CHAIRMAN. The committee will be in order. Gentlemen of the committee, Mr. Underwood is here, representing the White Cross Association. I

may say that the president of the White Cross, Mr. William McGibben, asked to be heard by the committee, but he lives in Seattle, Wash., and I did not believe that he could reach this city in time. You heard his telegram, which was read yesterday, indorsing the resolution. Mr. Underwood is here to represent the association. He will make a very brief statement, as I understand it,

STATEMENT OF MR. J. J. UNDERWOOD, NEWSPAPER CORRESPONDENT, SEATTLE TIMES, SEATTLE, WASH.

Mr. UNDERWOOD. Mr. Chairman, I am here appearing for the White Cross, in response to this telegram:

J. J. UNDERWOOD,

Washington, D. C.

SEATTLE, WASH., February 14, 1923.

Could you or Rev. Charles E. Freeman, either or both, represent White Cross at hearings on Porter narcotics resolution? Get from Porter copy of telegram. Wired him to-day for presentation at hearings. In addition we mail petition of over 300 leading organizations.

Rev. W. H. BLISS,

President. WILLIAM K. MCKIBBEN, Executive Secretary.

I want to say, gentlemen, that the White Cross is an offshoot of the China Club and the Chamber of Commerce of Seattle. If you will permit me for a few minutes I would like to talk a little about the narcotic situation from an

international standpoint and in its relation to our commerce. I see that Mr. Dass is here from Calcutta, so that I will speak only of China. I shall not say anything about the humanitarian aspects, because that probably has been gone over by other witnesses.

I was in China two years ago, and China is becoming very rapidly addicted to morphine and heroin and other opium narcotics, and it is calculated to have a disastrous effect upon our trade with that country.

The method of addiction is this. China is, as you know, a country of compounds, and walls, and villages, and families. There appears in these compounds usually a Chinese from Formosa, who, having lived there 10 years, becomes a citizen of Japan, and is therefore entitled to a passport and the protection of the extraterritorial courts. The Chinese are a good deal like our North American Indians; they are crazy for medicines. There are more drug shops in China than there were saloons in this country before the Volstead Act. Mr. LINTHICUM. More than there are stills in America at the present time? Mr. UNDERWOOD. Yes; I think perhaps they exceed even the stills in number. Mr. LINTHICUM. You know, stills in the South are more abundant than saloons were before the prohibition act.

Mr. UNDERSTOOD. Nevertheless, I think there are more chemists' shops in China.

The CHAIRMAN. Proceed, Mr. Underwood.

Mr. UNDERWOOD. China, as you know, cured itself of smoking opium and then began this narcotic addiction, in this method which I am going to describe to you.

This stranger appears in the village and tells the people he has a very fine medicine, and they all come down and get a little of it gratis. They are not very strong for it, because it does not taste bad nor smell bad, but, nevertheless, it makes them feel awfully good, and the next day they come back for another shot. So in a week or 10 days he has them addicted to it, and then the price

goes up very rapidly, to the point where it takes every cent that village can make over and above its bare cost of subsistence to buy these narcotics.

China has a population that is estimated at between four and five hundred million people. Statisticians and American engineers who have been in that country-you will find their reports on file in the State Department-estimate that that population can earn, over and above its cost of subsistence, approximately $5 per annum per capita, making a trade in excess of $2,000,000,000, of which the United States gets a very considerable part. And our trade with China is increasing, notwithstanding the narcotic addiction.

But the point is this: Unless something is done to stop this addiction of the Chinese, the population of China will perhaps ultimately be annihilated, or at least greatly decimated. The result of that will be, of course, great loss to our American commerce.

Mr. COLE. Do you mean that the whole population of China will be exterminated?

Mr. UNDERWOOD. I would not say exterminated; I say it will be decimated. In any event, even if it is stopped to-morrow, there will be great suffering in China, and certainly a large number of deaths.

I am not saying that the Japanese alone are responsible for this, although it is true that a number of shipments that came through this country from Great Britain were shipped over our railroads to Seattle and San Francisco, and from there to Kobe. I looked into the figures at Kobe, and they had increased enormously. I have not got the figures with me, but it shows that the shipments of narcotics into Japan had gone up enormously. Then suddenly they ceased; a new method was adopted. They began running ships up to Dairen and Port Arthur and transferred the stuff to other ships going to Shanghai, and sent it out over the Chinese railroads through Manchuria. That was stopped after the American chambers of commerce and the British chambers of commerce in China and Hongkong protested against this procedure, their protest being based, of course, on purely commercial grounds-that it was destroying the productivity of the Chinese.

The CHAIRMAN. Your point, Mr. Underwood, as I understand it, is this, that if the Chinese spend a large part of their earnings for morphine and heroin and codeine, they will have no money with which to buy goods from America or any other country.

Mr. UNDERWOOD. They will not.

The CHAIRMAN. Are you familiar with this fact, that after the second opium war, in 1858, the Chinese Government, for the purpose of improving the situation you have described and preventing the country from being drained of money in the purchase of foreign opium, permitted or legalized the growth of the poppy, and that policy continued up until 1907?

Mr. UNDERWOOD. Yes; the history of it, briefly, is this. The Emperor, in the second war, found his son had become an addict, and he sent a man named Yee as viceroy to Canton. The British ships came in, and he kept buying this opium from them, but ultimately so many ships came that he could not raise the silver to buy it, and so he inaugurated a sort of tea party, somewhat as we did at Boston.

The CHAIRMAN. That was in 1838; that was the first one. But I did not desire to direct your attention to that.

Mr. UNDERWOOD. Yes, that is true. It is also true that the Chinese cured themselves about 1907 or 1908, but to-day they are again beginning the cultivation of the poppy in Korea and in Manchuria, and it is dominated by the Japanese. I am not directing these remarks at the Japanese Government; I

am directing them at Japanese individuals. I would like to be understood on that plainly. There is no more reason why you should blame the Japanese Government for this addiction in China than you should blame the American Government for the addiction in the United States.

But I think this is about the situation, as viewed by the narcotic interests of Japan. They are said to be beginning the cultivation of the poppy in Korea and in Manchuria, in the expectation that perhaps their sources of supply of crude opium from India and Turkey and other places will be cut off. And I have been informed-I am not sure that this is true, but the story is quite common in the Orient, that some 17,000 acres of land in the Island of Formosa have been planted to the coca tree.

Now, while it is true that the Chinese cured themselves of opium smoking, there is no guarantee whatever that they can cure thmeslves of narcotic addiction, which physicians inform me, requires hospital treatment. It is an altogether different proposition. Smoking opium is, in that respect, probably not much worse than smoking cigarettes. In that connection I might say that the statistics of the Department of Commerce show that since opium smoking was stopped in China the consumption of American cigarettes in China has gone up tremendously. It has run into the millions.

Mr. COLE. Mr. Underwood, you do not mean to say that the smoking of American cigarettes is like the smoking of opium in its effects?

Mr. UNDERWOOD. Oh, no. I am not an expert at all, and I do not know anything about narcotic drugs and their effects from personal experience. But I do think this, and the figures in the Department of Commerce show it to be true, that when China cured itself of smoking opium the Chinese took to smoking American cigarettes. The American Tobacco Co. has a big institution in Peking, another in Shanghai, and another in Hongkong, and there has been a tremendous consumption of American cigarettes in China. I am really for the cigarette smoking.

Mr. LINTHICUM. Mr. Underwood, I am interested to know how they stopped the transshipment of these drugs through Port Arthur and Shanghai.

Mr. UNDERWOOD. They do not stop them.

Mr. LINTHICUM. I thought you said that that was stopped.

Mr. UNDERWOOD. I meant to say that they had stopped putting it on the record at Kobe. The customs records at Kobe suddenly stopped showing any receipts of narcotics. Instead of putting it through their customs at Kobe they take it up to Dairen or Port Arthur and put it on some other ships.

Mr. LINTHICUM. And then I understood you to say that that was stopped, after protest.

Mr. UNDERWOOD. I said this, that protests were made. That is, the chambers of commerce there passed resolutions, and I think a copy of one of those resolutions was forwarded to the British Government, through the board of trade in London; but the Japanese, being alive to that situation, then stopped putting the shipments of narcotics on their customs records at Kobe. Mr. FAIRCHILD. But the transshipment still continued?

Mr. UNDERWOOD. The transshipment still continued; certainly.

The CHAIRMAN. Mr. Underwood, prior to the passage of the Jones-Miller law several years ago, is it not a fact that considerable quantities of morphine and codeine were made in the United States and shipped to the Orient? Mr. UNDERWOOD. Oh, yes, indeed. That is what I was going to say. Mr. LINTHICUM. Have we not a law, Mr. Chairman, to suppress that? The CHAIRMAN. We have stopped it.

Mr. UNDERWOOD. We have a law to that effect, the Jones-Miller law. That is precisely what interested the west coast towns and the ports of the Pacific