to obtain detailed evidence of the courtesy and favours extended during these cruises. But one may gather that, invitations having been sent to certain of the dyers who had large orders in their gift, they would accept and find society which, if not congenial, was intended to be so, on board the yacht. If they objected, suggestion and reflection were sufficient to convince them of the wisdom of silence; if they found the programme attractive, there was surely no reason for them to talk. In either case, Mr Keppelman got the orders for dyes.

C. S. Kille gives us a glimpse of life on board the yacht:

'I also have a distinct recollection of Mr Keppelman's yacht. He has had three yachts, each one of which has been called the "Ilsa," after his daughter. The yacht he now has is called "Ilsa III." It has been all winter in winter quarters at Essington, and is now being refitted for the season of 1913. I believe Mr Keppelman is a member of the Delaware River Yacht Club. I filled different positions on board this yacht, being sometimes chief engineer, and purser, and other times acting as brass polisher. Mr Keppelman would take me along for company, and I remember one night late I was summoned to come on board his yacht in order to take the place of the engineer who had left and gone to Baltimore on a drunk. I have a complete log-book which I kept myself for this yacht for 1909. Many parties have been held on board this yacht; and among these parties would sometimes be men who were the managers, superintendents, foremen or owners of mills at different places, and who were either customers of Mr Keppelman or men whom he wanted to entertain.

The boat was always well stocked and provided with wines, eatables and every possible luxury. At these parties they drank whisky, champagne, wine and beer. Many times he would have Miss Gaul and her lady friends on board, never Mrs Keppelman. I remember among these ladies was Miss Isabella Ennis, the manicurist over Fox's Flower Store on South Broad Street, just below the Ritz-Carlton Hotel. I do not know whether the others were manicurists or not. They were pretty gay ladies, and altogether they would have quite jolly parties. I remember one time the mate, Albert Carlson, fell overboard and went to the bottom of the river and a man had to fish him out. Both Mr Keppelman, his guests and the crew had lively times on board this boat.'

As will be gathered from these statements, the testimony of Miss Gaul, the private secretary, would

Her clever lawyer

have been of the greatest value. appreciated this point of view. After a settlement of $100,000 on Mrs Keppelman, a divorce was arranged; and Miss Gaul, as Mr Keppelman's present wife, cannot, under American law, be a witness against him.

The foregoing evidence enables one to see, as on a stage, an excerpt from the busy and profitable life of German organisation. Psychological lessons are not wanting-the degeneration caused among the employees of the German concern themselves, the suggestive complaints of Mr Keppelman as to difficulties in training salesmen, together with the delightfully human picture of Chris Eisfeld, who was willing to make any affidavit because a Bible could not be found! But it is necessary, in closing, to recognise the scale on which the German dye industry worked, and its methods of adulteration and corruption. Statistics, when cited at any length, are apt to weary and fail to fix the attention. Let us content ourselves, therefore, with stating that the annual value of the dyes imported into the United States before the war amounted to about $10,000,000; and that, although the general rule was to add 10 per cent. for the selling expenses and 10 per cent. for the profits of the American distributing managers, the total prices paid by the American consuming mills were almost $25,000,000 yearly -which sum, of course, included the results of graft and adulteration. One of the six Companies alone claimed credit for $700,000 in 'graft'; and one American mill (the one where 85 cents was paid for a certain black instead of 21 cents) presented figures to the author of this article showing, after 'graft' was eliminated, a yearly reduction of expenditure on dyestuffs from $265,000 to $125,000.

Art. 3.-CLIVE IN INDIA.

1. The Life of Lord Clive. By Sir George Forrest, C.I.E. Two vols. Cassell, 1918.

2. MSS. at the Madras Record Office, India Office, Public Record Office, and British Museum.

THE work of the first Englishmen who attempted to control an Indian province has seldom been duly appreciated. Their motives and difficulties, the system they gradually built up, the methods they were obliged to adopt, have been discussed and judged from the standpoint of European conditions and ideas. It may then be useful, especially when the whole fabric of Indian administration is under revision, to re-examine its beginnings with the aid of contemporary documents, many of which have just been published in Sir George Forrest's 'Life of Clive,' while I have also drawn on others still unpublished, some of which are in my keeping in Madras.

It is, indeed, strange that we should have had to wait till now for an authoritative biography of that great man and statesman. Orme, though authoritative, was, as a contemporary, bound within narrow limits of discretion, and deliberately refrained from dealing with Clive's later and more important achievements. Malcolm's biography is well-intentioned but confused. The writings of Malleson, Wilson, and Arbuthnot are secondhand, uncritical, and misleading. Thus Sir George Forrest's work fills what was a deplorable gap in our historical literature, and does so in the manner which those already acquainted with his 'Bombay Selections' and Foreign Department Papers' expected.

We propose to indicate here merely the salient features of Clive's wonderful career, and his decisive influence on the origins of British power in Hindustan. At the age of nineteen he went out as writer to Madras, and for two years performed the easy duties assigned to the junior servants, amusing his leisure in the library accumulated by a succession of pious chaplains and beneficent governors. When, in 1746, La Bourdonnais captured the settlement and Dupleix violated the capitulation, Clive fled to Fort St David, and for the next three years served as an officer, distinguishing himself on several occasions.

When the war ended he returned to civil employment, and was appointed Steward at St David's. Humble as it sounds, this was the first step in an amazingly prosperous career. War broke out again almost at once, on account of the way in which Dupleix's schemes threatened the continuance of English trade. The English took the field with a large part of their troops; and to Clive as Steward fell the duty of providing bullocks and coolies for transport, and meat, rice, and arrack for provisions. By the time Clive went home, early in 1753, he had made 40,000l. Nor had this involved great personal exertions. Clive had employed numerous agents-many of them were his brother officers-who themselves amassed handsome sums of money as well.

The war was at first carried on with indescribable incompetence. Lawrence went home almost at once to quarrel with the Directors over his pay. The command devolved on a captain named Rodolf de Gingens, who considered that the art military lay in keeping out of the enemy's reach. When the Francophil Nawab, Chanda Sahib, marched to attack Trichinopoly, the only refuge of the English candidate, Muhammad Ali, Gingens retreated with such haste as to lose most of his baggage and some of his guns. When the enemy approached the city, he would not stir beyond the shelter of its guns, and but for the Nawab's protests would have retired behind its walls. Luckily the French troops with Chanda Sahib were commanded by officers equally unenterprising and incompetent.

The English Council, however, wearied of this bloodless war. In order to relieve the pressure on Trichinopoly, they resolved to attack the enemy's capital, Arcot. This promised the collection of revenue in the enemy's country, or at least the disturbance of his collections. But, when Gingens was ordered to detach a force for this purpose, he refused. Clive then offered to invade Arcot with such troops as could be spared from the garrisons of St David's and Madras, on condition of receiving rank as Captain. His offer was accepted. In August 1751, he seized the city of Arcot; and next month was closely besieged by forces gathered from Trichinopoly and Pondicherry. This is the siege long famous as the occasion on which sepoys are said to

have offered their rice to feed the European troops. Sir George Forrest, we note, accepts the story as genuine. But, if so, how comes it that no allusion can be found either in Clive's letters from the besieged place, or in the diaries of the men who served there, or in subsequent correspondence, or in any of the official records? The story depends wholly upon what Sir John Malcolm called 'undoubted authority,' without saying what his authority was. Malcolm was an uncritical person, and we suspect was deceived.

At last Clive's tottering walls were breached, and the enemy sought to carry the place by storm. But the French troops consisted of sailors newly landed and undisciplined-'tarpaulin rascals' an irreverent Englishman called them-and they took no part in the attack, while the native troops were driven off with considerable loss. Shortly afterwards they withdrew, on the approach of certain Maratha allies of Muhammad Ali.

When, early in 1752, Clive had expelled the enemy from the Carnatic by an unbroken series of victories, the English Council resolved to send him with every man that could be spared to reinforce Gingens at Trichinopoly, in the hope that at last that sluggish commander would venture to move. On his way to St David's, Clive marched by the ground on which fourteen months earlier the French had by a night-attack secured their most conspicuous success-the death of Nasir Jang, Subahdar of the Deccan and principal enemy of Chanda Sahib. But instead of the city and the stately monument which Macaulay declared Dupleix had built there in commemoration of his victory, he found only a couple of choultries, or rest-houses for travellers, and an unfinished inscription on a block of stone. Of such materials are some of the high-sounding stories of history composed.

Just as Clive was ready to march from St David's, Lawrence arrived from Europe. This was very lucky for Clive. Had he proceeded alone to Trichinopoly, he would have found small occasion to distinguish himself. He was the youngest captain on the list; and most of his seniors were exceedingly jealous of the reputation which he had acquired. Any attempt on the part of the Council to give him command of the English forces would certainly have been followed by the resignation