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inhabitants of his fortress, and royal palace. I must here observe, that the expressions of " pratum" and " pastura" in the Book of Doomsday thus clearly differ in their relative meanings. The former refers to grass land subject to be mown, and the latter to land, usually, fed alone, or down land, and of this there is always a large portion assigned to those manors bordering on the Wiltshire Plains. It is very difficult to assimilate the terms, and measurements, of land in Doomsday Book with those of modern days; and I think, that the translator of the portion of that ancient record, which relates to "Wiltshire," and other antiquaries are in error as to their estimate of the quantity of land included under the denominations of leuca and quarantena, or that their admeasurements varied much from those of the present day. For instance-in the account of the manor of Ambresbury the following passage is thus rendered: "Pastura 4 leucæ longæ et 3 leucæ latæ." "The pasture" (or down) " is 6 miles long, and 4 miles and a half broad." This is an admeasurement in extent, which would more than comprise the whole parish, inclusive of arable, and meadow, land.

I will now no longer withhold my assured belief, that the manor of the former Salisbury was (exclusively of the land within the ramparts, and, perhaps, a small portion on the eastern side, including the site of the present inn) co-extensive with the now parish of Stratford, then a vill within its bounds.

Let us consider the endowment of the Cathedral of Old Salisbury by its former Bishop, Osmund. He possessed ample means he was Earl of Dorset, and the Lord Chancellor-and he held the extensive, and valuable, manors of Potterne, Cainingham, Ramsberie-and Sarisberie, besides many others elsewhere; but, gentle reader, here is (in modern language) a copy of the endowment itself:

"In the name of the Holy and undivided Trinity, I, Osmund, Bishop of the Church of Sarum, make known to all the faithful in Christ, as well present as to come, that, to the honour of our Lord Jesus Christ, and the most blessed Virgin Mary; and for the salvation of the souls of King William and his Wife, Matilda, and of his Son, William, King of the English; and also for the salvation of my own soul, I have built the Church of Sarum, and constituted Canons therein; and have canonically granted for ever, freely as I received, the goods of the Church, to them living canonically, namely, these

places (besides knights' fees) Glemister, Awlton, Cerminster, Begminster, Nyderbury, Writtleton; the Church of Shirburn with its tythes, except those of the monks and sepulture; the Church of Bere ; of St. George in Dorchester; and half the Church of Mere with the moiety of the tythes; the Church of Sarum with its tythes and appurtenances; two hides and a half of land in that town, and six hides in Stratford, before the gate of the Castle of Sarum, on both sides of the way, for the houses of the Canons; the Churches of Wivelsford, of Poterne and Lavyngton, Rammesbury and Bedwynd with a mill in that town; the Church of Warnborough, and a hide and a half with one borderer, also three acres of land in the said place, and a small orchard; the Churches of Farendon, Canyng, Calne, Worpa, Marlborough, Blebyrig, and Sunning; ten hides of land in Rotescomb, and the Church of Grantham, with the tythes and appurtenances of each. Also half the offerings at the principal altar, except the ornaments, and all the offerings of the rest; the sepulture, and all the offerings made to the Bishop, when he celebrates mass, besides one half of the gold given in the said Church. If any of the Canons shall attend the Bishop at the dedication of a Church, he shall receive part of the offerings as chaplain. Further, I grant for one year, two parts of the prebend of each deceased Canon for the use of the rest, and one part for the use of the poor."

The above Charter was granted by Bishop Osmund on the 5th of April, 1091, and ratified at Hastings by the reigning Sovereign, William Rufus.

It is thus said by the Bishop: "I have built the Church of Sarum, and constituted Canons therein; and have canonically granted for ever, freely as I have received, the goods of the Church, to them, living canonically, &c." There is here, I shall be told, no mention of-a Dean. No! The Dean was, and is a Canon, possessing superior power and title, and, generally, included in the endowment, for what saith Minshieu ? "A Deane-Hisp. Port. deán-Gall. dayén-Ital. decánoTeut. eyn dechant-Belg. deken-Sax. decen-Lat. decánusGr. dixards. à dixa id est decem, quod est decimus, quia dixaros olim, seu decimus erat in Collegio, aut quia erat dexagxos, id est, decurio, præfectus, seu præses reliquorum. A Deane is an ecclesiasticall magistrate so called of the Greeke (as abovesaid) Sixa because hee hath power over ten Canons at the least. Howbeit in England wee vse to call him a Deane-that is the next under the Bishop, and cheife of the Chapter ordinarily in a Cathedrall Church: and the rest of the societie or corporation wee call capitulum-the chapter."

The Dean of the ecclesiastical, was, originally, as the Mayor of the civic, Corporation, elected by its several members as its president or head, with this difference indeed, that the promotion of the one was for a permanency-that of the other for a limited term.

You have had thus before you, gentle reader, the full endowment of the Cathedral of ancient Salisbury from the extensive possessions of Bishop Osmund. Let us now consider the extent of those granted to these Canons within the immediate vicinity alone. He gives them "the Church of Sarum with its tythes and appurtenances." There may be some doubt, perhaps, as to the meaning of " the Church of Sarum," which I cannot but define to be the Cathedral itself, to which, I think, the now parochial Church of the then vill of Stratford was a Chapel of Ease, and thus appurtenant; and that thus the grant conveyed the tythes of the Manor of Salisbury, which I regard as co-extensive with the present parish of Stratford. As to the grant of the "two hides and a half of land in that town," i. e. Salisbury, I must consider this to be the portion of land comprising the north-west quarter of the area between the two ramparts, and forming the precincts of the Cathedral-in fact, the Close. This space of ground within the royal peculium was, probably, specially granted at the same time with the Manor, but exclusively of it. It may be here asked me, if the term of " two hides and a half of land" is applicable to so limited a portion. I can only respond, that I believe with the late Mr. H. P. Wyndham, that the hide of Doomsday Book bears reference not so much to a definite admeasurement of land, as to land bearing the value of a certain definite sum of money; and, therefore, a hide of land was greater or less in admeasurement according to its quality, or local situation. Land within the ramparts of Old Sarum was, probably, of very far greater value than that, which was situate in the external manor. Mention is also made in the endowment of "six hides in Stratford;" these, I should suspect, constitute the estate called to this day Stratford Dean, and still held under the present Church of Salisbury. The wood spoken of was, probably, on the west side of the river. It is traditionally believed, that the residence of the Dean was on, or near, the site of the ancient mansion in the village of Stratford, called Mawarden Court. I extract the following passage

from "An Account of Old Sarum," prefixed to "A Description of the Cathedral Church of Salisbury," 1774: "The dean of this very ancient cathedral was much more eligibly provided with a place of residence, than his brethren of the chapter. For he had an house and demesnes, by the side of the river, at the distance of about half a mile from the castle, called at present the dean's court. All the rest of them, prebendaries or canons, and other churchmen, dwelt here in the king's castle, a sort of honourable prisoners (compared with their present situation) for above 134 years." I do not altogether give credit to this statement. The minor officers of the establishment may have had their permanent residences within the ramparts around the Cathedral, and the Canons themselves may have occasionally resided there, yet this is certain, that the grant (as seen before) gives "six hides in Stratford, before the gate of the Castle of Sarum, on both sides of the way, for the houses of the Canons." I have little doubt, that "the way" here referred to was that leading from the western gate to the residence of the Dean.

By the above, and previous, observations it will be apparent, that a prudent precaution was used, probably, from the earliest time of the ancient Cathedral, to prevent the too great intermixture of the different orders of men-of the military and the members of the Church-by the allotted, and, generally, distinct, use of the eastern and western entrances. I must here repeat, that, if, at the period of the removal of the See from Sherborne, any portion of the City of Sarum were then without the outer ramparts, it may have been more prudent thus, originally, to have built the Cathedral; but, when the Castle was placed under the rulance of lay governors, constituted Earls of Sarum, the irksome situation of the Church was severely feltits members were netted within the embattled zone of another power. The inconveniences of ancient Salisbury are well described by the writers of those times.

William of Malmesbury, relating the removal of the See of Sherborne to the former Salisbury, thus writes of Bishop Herman: "Tribunal suum transtulit à Schireburnia Salesberiam, quod est vice ciuitatis castellum locatum in edito, muro vallatum non exiguo, cæteris commeatibus vtcunque valens, aquæ penuria laborans, adeo vt miserabili commercio ibi aqua veneat."

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"Est tibi defectus lymphæ, sed copia creta,
Sævit ibi ventus, sed Philomela silet."

"Water's there scarce, but chalk in plenty lies,
And those sweet notes, that Philomel denies,
The harsher music of the wind supplies."

Peter of Blois, in his Epistles, thus describes the former Sarum: "It is a place exposed to the winds, barren, dry, and solitary; a tower is there as in Siloam, by which the inhabitants have been for a long time enslaved." And again, says he: "The Church of Salisbury is a captive on that hill: let us therefore, in God's name, go down into the level: there the valleys will yield plenty of corn, and the champain fields are of a rich soil." Actuated by similar feelings the poet, before quoted, thus saith:

"Quid domini domus in castro? nisi fœderis arca
In templo Baalim; carcer uterque locus."

"A Church within a Camp looks just as well,

As th' ark of God in the vile house of Baal."

It is unnecessary to remind you, gentle reader, of the relative situation of the opposite parties resident within the encircling walls of Old Sarum, which could not but raise, and foster, dissensions, and these not unusually ended in open affrays. Of this an interesting instance is given by Harrison, in his “ Description of Britaine," (prefixed to Holinshed's "Chronicles,") -interesting, I say, as it appears to be the proximate cause of the removal of the City from the Old by the foundation of New Salisbury. This is his narration: "In the time of ciuill warres, the souldiors of the castell and chanons of old Sarum fell at ods, insomuch that after often bralles, they fell at last to sad blowes. It happened therefore in a rogation weeke that the cleargie going in solemne procession, a controuersie fell betweene them about certeine walkes and limits, which the one side claimed and the other denied. Such also was the hot intertainment on ech part, that at the last the Castellanes espieing their time, gate betweene the cleargie and the towne, and so coiled them as they returned homeward, that they feared anie more to gang about their bounds for the yeare." The remainder • Petrus Blesensis. Epist. 105.

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