were considered obsolete : "anthem," "carve," "blithe," "bland," "franchise," "sphere," "transcend." About the same time other words were called obsolete; as "strath," "landlouper," "yelp," "thrill," "dovetail," "kirtle," "grisly," "ledge," "trenchant," "tissue," "plumage," "resource," "vicinage," "tapestry," "villainy." All these, and many others like them, though once rejected by critics, are indispensable to prose literature at the present day.

As a general thing the restoration of a word to current prose literature is now regarded as a matter for gratification rather than objection. It often happens that such a word actually expresses the writer's idea in the best possible manner; and under such circumstances perspicuity itself might seem to demand its use. Such a writer as Carlyle, for instance, does not hesitate for a moment about using an obsolete word if it happens to express his meaning better than others that are in more familiar use. The faulty use of obsolete words is where they are really obscure, or where their introduction may savor of affectation or pedantry on the part of the writer.

$39. NEW WORDS.

We have next to consider the introduction of new words. Among the Greeks this was stigmatized as a barbarism; but the English language is less exclusive.

Language is a living thing, and has a life of its own. It is born; it grows; it flourishes; it languishes; and it dies. Its life resembles that of man, both as an individual and in communities; and is characterized by innumerable vicissitudes. In connection with this subject, it will be useless to talk vaguely of the importance of purity; to denounce all words that may not please; or to insist on the rejection of all that may not have already gained a place in the language. The class of new words will always be a large one, so long as the language itself has any vitality.

$ 40. THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE HAS ABSORBED NEW WORDS INTO ITSELF IN EVERY AGE, IN SPITE OF OBJECTIONS. If we look back upon the history of the English language, we find it exhibiting a more varied growth than any other. It has passed through several distinct periods: the Anglo-Saxon,

the Semi-Saxon, the Old English, the Middle English, and the Modern English; and in each of these it has had remarkable features. Ever since the Norman Conquest it has shown a singular capacity for absorbing new words into itself. In the latest period, when it stands fully formed before us, we find this tendency as strong as ever; and we have to regard it as a leading characteristic. Inventions and discoveries are constantly being made which require new forms of expression. Science makes the same demand, which is repeated by learning, philosophy, art, commerce, and other great movements among mankind. While in every age there has been a throng of new words pressing in upon the language, there has also been in every age an outcry raised against them. This outcry, however, has been of little avail; and the history of the past shows us many such words which once were objected to, but which, in spite of objections, have prevailed, and are now in general use.

In 1534 Sir Thomas Elyot mentioned "frugality," "temperance," "sobriety," and "magnanimity" as modern words. In 1589 Puttenham called the following modern inventions: "function," "numerous," "penetrate," "indignity," "savage," "scientific," "dimension," "idiom," "compendious," "prolix," 'figurative," "impressive," "metrical," "inveigle." In 1601 Philemond Holland gave the same character to the following: "acrimony," " austere," "bulk," "consolidate," "debility," "dose," "aperient," " opiate," "propitious," " symptom." Bacon did not know " encyclopædia," but used "circle learning." Shakespeare, in Twelfth Night, alluded to "element" as new; and Wotton spoke of "characters" as a recent acquisition. Fulke, in the beginning of the seventeenth century, objected to "rational," "tunic," "scandal," "neophyte," "despicable," "destruction," "homicide." Thomas Fuller stated that "plunder " was imported from Germany, where it originated during the Thirty-Years' War. "Malignant," "cavalier," "Roundhead,” and "selfish" arose during the Parliamentary War. "Pathos" arose a little later; as did also "mob." In 1658 the following were objected to in Heylin's Observations on L'Estrange's History of Charles II.: "adoption," "abstruse," " amphibious," "articulate," "adventitious," "complicated," "compensate," "concede," "caress," "destination," "horizontal," "oblique,” "ocular," " radiant." "Dragonnade" and "refugee" came into

use during the age of Louis XIV. In 1670 Dryden objected to "good graces," "repartee," "embarrass," "grimace," "chagrin." "Suicide" was condemned at about the same time. In Skinner's Etymologicon, 1688, "cajole" and "sentiment" were called new. Johnson was blamed for using "resuscitation," "narcotic," "fatuity," "germination." "Sans-culotte," "guillotine," and "terrorism" arose during the French Revolution; and hosts of new words have been coming into the language ever since.

§ 41. SOURCES OF NEW WORDS.

The sources from which new words are derived are numerous, and may be set down as follows:

1. Science and Learning-Science is continually enlarging its sphere. The old sciences are widening their scope and increasing their action; while, in addition to these, new ones arise which rival the old in importance. Geology, Mineralogy, Comparative Philology, and many others, have arisen in this age; and all these require a nomenclature of their own. The names which are thus required are generally made up from Greek or Latin roots. All the natural sciences have created new words of this sort, which are intelligible to the students throughout Christendom. With technical terms, literature has not much to do; but some of them pass into literary use, and of these the following may serve as examples: “encyclopædia," "method," "function," "nomenclature," "horizontal," "oblique," "objective," "subjective," "æsthetic," "ethic," "ethnic," "isothermal," "telegraphy," "statistics," "myth," "cult,” “ “magnetism."

2. Invention.-As this is pre-eminently the age of invention, the field here is very wide, and new words come in from this source by the hundred. Of these many must perish, but, on the other hand, many survive. A large number are made up. from Greek roots, some from Latin. The following are examples: "telescope," "microscope," "chronometer," "telegraph," "photograph," "stereoscope," "micrometer," 66 aeronaut," "velocipede," "bicycle," "elevator," "locomotive."

3. Discovery.—Some discoveries are made in science by which words arise that are generally of Greek or Latin origin, as "hydrogen," " oxygen," "gravitation." Others refer to the

vegetable world, and are illustrated by "tea," "coffee," "tobac

4. Art.-A large number of words in common use have been derived from this source. For example, in architecture we have "dome," "piazza," "veranda;" from painting, "tone," "fresco," "ultramarine;" from sculpture, " bust," "torso," "basrelief;" from engraving, "mezzotint," "lithograph," "chromolithograph;" from music, "opera," "oratorio," "prima donna ;" besides which are many words belonging to other departments of art, such as "mosaic," "cameo," "intaglio," "filigree," etc.

5. Fashion.-Here the words are innumerable, but the most of them are shortlived, and few, indeed, are those which endure. 'Surtout," "paletot," and "galoches," once in general use, are now obsolete; but permanent words from this source may be illustrated by "tunic," "muslin," "calico," etc.

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6. National Movements.-These include wars, revolutions, and other popular commotions. The words derived from these are numerous, and are illustrated by "Puritan," Roundhead," "Whig," "Tory," "cabal," "clique," "caucus," "coup-d'état." 7. Foreign Intercourse.—From this source we have many foreign words which have become naturalized, as "shah," "czar," "sultan," "pacha;" "drosky," "kayak," "canoe;" "sombrero," "poncho ;"" stiletto," "creese;" "mustang," "barbe;" "taboo," "tattoo,” etc.

8. Colonizing Movements.-The English race, in extending itself over all parts of the world, has developed new modes of life, and with these new words have sprung up. California and Australia have contributed many which have come into general use; for example, "diggings," "prospect," "lead," "cradle," "ranch," "bush," ""bushwhacker."

9. Americanisms.-The rapid growth of the American nation. has been characterized by the utmost activity of intellect, and multitudes of words have arisen which were before unknown. Such as are peculiarly American may be illustrated by "sensation," "medium," "spirit-rapping," "camp-meeting," "barbecue," "baggage," "barrens," "bobolink," "buncombe," "clapboard," "dime," "stump-speech," etc.

10. Orientalisms.-The British empire in the East, the great missionary operations of England and America, and the spread of commerce and travel, have brought many words into the

language from the whole of Asia, as "bungalow," "moonshee," "pundit," "fakir," "bonze," "santon," "dervish."

11. New Ideas.-The progress of civilization tends to create new sensations and new ideas, for which names must be found. Thus the French were the first to devise a word for the sensation of tedium, which they called "ennui." The English have applied to this the name "bore." This class of words may be illustrated by "prestige," "coincidence," "amateur," "connoisseur," "pluck," "push," "bounce."

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12. New Verbs.-These are formed from nouns already in use; as, to telegraph," "" to coal" or "coal up," "to steam away,' ""to switch off."

13. Names of Men.-New words are formed from the names of men in cases of discovery or invention. Such are found in "galvanism," "voltaic" pile, "guillotine," "bowie" knife, "macadamize." Others are formed from the names of those who have promulgated new doctrines, or headed movements among men, as "Wesleyan," "Garibaldian," "Benthamite," "Comptist,' "Millerism." Others are formed from the qualities of men, as "Platonic," "Miltonic," "Napoleonic."

14. Slang. From this source, also, many words are derived. Originating no one knows how, perhaps in the most disreputable way, they evince a native force and expressive energy which compel reception. Of this sort are the following: "mob," "humbug," "quiz," "chaff," "hoax," "beau," "dandy," "fop," "swell," "Bohemian," " prig," "cad," "bumptious."

New words are furnished to the English by many different languages, and if we compare these, we shall find that several have supplied distinct classes. Thus Greek and Latin contribute those which relate to science and learning, invention and discovery; French, those which refer to fashion, cookery, and warfare; Italian, those which belong to art; Hebrew has contributed some which belong to the vocabulary of religion, and a large number of proper names in general use.

$42. THE GROWTH OF NEW WORDS IS RAPID.

The growth of new words is very rapid. What is a barbarism in one age is a standard word in the next. Examples of this may be found in "connoisseur," "reconnoitre," "verbiage," "gasconade," "rhodomontade," which were all objected to by