and fail not to murder and devour all human beings that fall into their hands. With these considerations, walking very leisurely forward, I found this side of the island, where I now was, much pleasanter than mine; the open savannah fields, sweetly adorned with flowers, grass, and very fine woods. I saw abundance of parrots;* and fain would have caught one, if possible, to have kept it to be tame, and taught it to speak to me. I did, after taking some pains, catch a young parrot; for I knocked it down with a stick, and, having recovered it, I brought it home: but it was some years before I could make him speak; however, at last I taught him to call me by my name very familiarly. But the accident that followed, though it be a trifle, will be diverting in its place. I was exceedingly amused with this journey. I found in the low grounds hares, as I thought them to be, and foxes: but they differed greatly from all the other kinds I had

discoveries in the Pacific Ocean, shew that this disgusting practice is not confined to the regions before-mentioned,

✦ PARROT:-in ornithology, the english name expressing in general the whole psittacus kind, but appropriated by use to that class only of them which is of a middle size, between the macau and the parroket. The parrot, in the Linnæan system of ornithology, makes a particular and distinct genus of birds, of the order of the pice; the distinguishing characters of which are, that the beak is hooked; that the upper mandible is furnished with a moveable cere; that the nostrils are in the base of the beak; that the tongue is fleshy, obtuse, and entire; and that the feet are formed for climbing. Linnæus enumerates forty-seven species. The parrot is a very well-known bird, of which there are several species. Its head is large, and beak and skull extremely hard and strong. It might seem a wonder why nature has destined to this, which is not naturally a bird of prey, but feeds on fruits and other vegetable substances, the crooked beak, allotted to the hawk and other carnivorous birds; but the reason seems to be, that the parrot, being a heavy bird and its legs not very fit for service, it climbs up and down trees by the help of this sharp and hooked bill, with which it lays hold of any thing, and secures itself before it stirs a foot; and besides this, it helps itself forward very much, by pulling its body on with this hold. Of all animals, the parrot and crocodile are the only ones which move the upper jaw: all creatures else moving the lower only. As some particular animals besides are fond of particular foods, so that the parrot loves nothing so much as the seeds of the carthamus, or bastard saffron; and eats them without any hurt, though they are a purge when given to other creatures. The parrots are common both in the East and West Indies: they are a very brisk and lively bird in the warmer countries, but with us lose much of their vigour. They lay two or three eggs in the hollow of a tree. In all the known parrots the nostrils are round, and very near one another. Parrots are divided into three kinds. 1. The larger, which are as big as a moderate fowi, called macaos and cocketoons; the former have very long tails; the latter, a crest: 2. The middle-sized ones, commonly called parrots, which have short tails, and are little larger than a pigeon. And, 3. The small ones, which are called parroquets, perroqueti, and have long tails, and are not larger than a lark or blackbird.-RAY.

+ Fox :-(l'ulpes, in zoology), an animal of the dog kind, much resembling the common dog in its internal conformation, but more like the wolf externally, only smaller, being of the size of the spaniel. It is chiefly distinguished, however, from the dog by the length, dense disposition, and softness of the hairs, especially those about its long strait tail, which is bushy, much admired by the animal itself, and in cold weather wrapped round its nose; as also by its smell, which is peculiarly rank and disagreealle. The smell of its urine is remarkably fœtid, insomuch that the animal covers it in the earth. It is said that the fox makes use of its urine as an expedient to force the cleanly hadger from its habitation; it certainly makes use of the badger's hole. Its usual colour is a reddish tawny, though it is sometimes found white, and sometimes black. Its manner of digging itself a hole in the earth, is also a custom different from all the dog kind; and it is far from the tameness of that animal, being with difficulty made to lose its fierceness. Of all animals, the fox has the most significant eye, by which it expresses every passion of love, fear, hatred, &c. The fox is a crafty, lively, libidinous, animai: it breeds only once a year, unless some accident befalls its first Litter, and brings four or five young, which, like puppies, àre born blind. The fox is a

met with; nor could I satisfy myself to eat them, though I killed several. Bat I had no need to be venturous; for I had no want of food, and of that which was very good too; especially these three sorts, viz. goats, pigeons, and turtle. With these, added to my grapes, Leadenhall market could not have furnished a table better than I, in proportion to the company; and though my case was deplorable enough, yet I had great cause for thankfulness; as I was not driven to any extremities for food, but had rather plenty, even to dainties. I never travelled on this journey above two miles outright in a day, or thereabout; but I took so many turns and returns, to see what discoveries I could make, that I came weary enough to the place where I resolved to sit down for the night; and then I either reposed myself in a tree, or surrounded myself with a row of stakes, set upright in the ground, either from one tree to another, or so as no wild creature could come at me without waking me. As soon as I came to the sea-shore, I was surprised to see that I had taken up my lot on the worst side of the island: for here, indeed, the shore was covered with innumerable turtles: whereas, on the other side, I had found but three in a year and a half. Here was also an infinite number of fowls of many kinds some of which I had seen, and some of which I had not seen before, and many of them very good meat; but such as I knew nos the names of, except those called Penguins.*

native of most northern countries, aud there are three varieties of it, differing a little in form, but not in colour. They are distinguished by different names. The greyhound fox is the largest, tallest, and boldest, and will attack a grown sheep; the mastiff fox is less, but more strongly built: the cur fox is the least, lurks about hedges, out-houses, &c. and is the most pernicious to the feathered tribe. The first of these has a white tip to the tail; the last a black. The skin of this animal is furnished with a soft

PENGUIN: a name given by sailors to two different species of water-fowl, both web-footed, and both wanting the binder toe. The penguin of the English is the bird

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I could have shot as many as I pleased, but was very sparing of my powder and shot; and therefore had more mind to kill a she-goat, if I could, which I could better feed on. But though there were many goats here, more than on my side the island, yet it was with much more difficulty that I could come near them; the country being flat and even, and they saw me much sooner than when I was upon a hill. I confess this side of the country was much pleasanter than mine; yet I had not the least inclination to remove; for as I was fixed in my habitation, it became natural to me, and I seemed all the while I was here to be as it were upon a journey, and from home. However, I travelled along the sea-shore towards the east, I suppose about twelve miles; and then setting up a great pole upon the shore for a mark, I concluded I would go home again; and that the next journey I took should be on the other side of the island, east from my dwelling, and so round till I came to my post again: of which in its place. I took another way to come back than that I went, thinking I could easily keep so much of the island in my view, that I could not miss finding my first dwelling by viewing the country: but I found myself mistaken; for being come about two or three miles, I found myself descended into a very large valley, but so surrounded with bills, and those hills covered with wood, that I could not see which was my way by any direction but that of the sun, nor even then, unless I knew very well the position of the sun at that time of the day. And it happened to my farther misfortune, that the weather proved hazy for three or four days while I was in this valley; and not being able to see the sun, I wandered about very uncoma soft and warm fur, which in many parts of Europe is used to make muffs and fine cloths. A fox in the first year is called a cub; in the second, a fox; and afterwards an old fox: it is a beast of chase, usually very prejudicial to the husbandman, by. taking away and destroying lambs, geese, and poultry. It will feed on flesh of any kind; and when urged by hunger eat certain vegetables, fruits, and insects; and, near the sea-coasts, for want of other food, eat shell-fish. In France and Italy it does incredible damage in the vineyards, by eating the grapes, of which it is very fond. The fox is a great destroyer of rats, and field animals. It secures its booty by digging holes in several places; and if a whole stock of poultry should happen to be its prey, will bring them one by one, thrust them in with its nose, and conceal them by ramming the loose earth upon them, till the calls of hunger induce him to devour them. The common way to catch him is by gins, which being baited, and a train made by drawing raw flesh across his usual paths or haunts to the gin, it proves an inducement to lure him to the place of destruction. They are also taken with hounds, terriers, and nets; it is a commendable exercise to hunt this mischievous beast, the nature of which, in many respects is like that of the wolf. He possesses all the senses as exquisitely as the latter; but he has a far greater modulation of voice. That of the wolf is only one uniform hideous howl; but the fox yelps, and utters a mournful cry something like a peacock ; which he can vary according to the different sensations of his mind. He possesses a considerable degree of courage, and defends himself to the last extremity. His bite is dangerous, and obstinately tenacious.

more commonly known among the northern nations of the continent by the name of gar-fugel, or the alea impennis of ornithologists. It grows to the size of a common goose; is black on its back, or upper part, and white on the belly; its wings are very small, and by no means fit for flying; its beak is somewhat broad and long, compressed on the sides and back, and has toward the extremity several furrows, seven or eight on the upper side, and about ten on the under; and the lower chap swells into a protube rance; its head has two white lines reaching from the beak to the eyes; its tail is very short, and it has no hinder toe. This bird is observed by seamen never to wander beyond soundings; and, according to its appearance, theiy direct their measures, being then assured that land is not very remote. This bird breeds in the island of St. Kilda, appearing there in the beginning of May, and retiring in the middle of June. It lays one egg about six inches long, of a white colour. The penguin of the Dutch is the anser magellanicus of Crusius; and is the largest of the kind. They are all very awkward inactive birds when on land, and are rendered by their conformation still more unfit for flight: they, however, possess considerable advantage in the water; which seems to be their proper element. Auk, is a name also given to this class of aquatic birds, as well as Penguin; which latter is Welch, and means literally "white head."

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fortable, and at last was obliged to find out the sea-side, look for my post, and come back the same way I went ; and then by easy journies, I turned homeward, the weather being exceedingly hot, and my gun, ammunition, hatchet, and other things very heavy.

In this journey my dog surprised a young kid, and seized upon it; and run ning to take hold of it, I caught it, and saved it alive from the dog! I had a great mind to bring it home if I could; for I had often been musing whether it might not be possible to get a kid or two, and so raise a breed of tame goats, which might supply me when my powder and shot should be all spent. I made a collar for this little creature, and with a string which I had made of some rope-yarn, which I always carried about me, I led him along, though with some difficulty, till I came to my bower, and there I enclosed him and left him; for I was very impatient to be at home, from whence I had been absent above a month.

I cannot express what a satisfaction it was to me to come into my old hutch, and lie down in my hammock-bed. This little wandering journey, without a settled place of abode, had been so unpleasant to me, that my own house, as I called it to myself, was a perfect settlement to me, compared to that; and it rendered every thing about me so comfortable, that I resolved I would never go great way from it again, while it should be my lot to stay on the island. I reposed myself here a week, to rest and regale myself after my long journey: during which, most of the time was taken up in the weighty affair of making cage for my Poll, who began now to be more domestic, and to be mighty well acquainted with me. Then I began to think of the poor kid which I had penned within my little circle, and resolved to fetch it home, or give it some food: ac cordingly I went, and found it where I left it (for indeed it could not get out), but was almost starved for want of food. I went and cut boughs of trees, and branches of such shrubs as I could find, and threw it over, and having fed it, I tied it as I did before, to lead it away; but it was so tame, with being hungry, that I had no need to have tied it, for it followed me like a dog: and as I continually fed it, the creature became so loving, so gentle and so fond, that it was from that time one of my domesties also, and would never leave me afterwards.

The rainy season of the autumnal equinox was now come, and I kept the 30th of September in the same solemn manner as before, being the anniversary of my landing on the island; having now been there two years, and no more pros pect of being delivered than the first day I came there. I spent the whole day in thankful acknowledgments for the many wonderful mercies which my solitary condition was attended with, and without which it might have been infinitely more miserable. I gave humble and hearty thanks to God for having been' pleased to discover to me, that it was possible I might be more happy even in this solitary condition, than I should have been in the enjoyment of all the plea sures of the world: that he could fully make up to me the deficiencies of my solitary state, and the want of human society, by supporting, comforting, and encouraging me to depend upon his providence here, and to hope for his eternal presence hereafter. It was now that I began sensibly to feel how much more happy the life I now led was, with all its miserable circumstances, than the wicked life I led during the past part of my days: and now I changed both my sorrows and my joys; my very desires altered, my affections changed their objects, and my delights were perfectly new from what they were at my first coming, or jadeed for the two years past.

Before, as I walked about, either on my hunting, or for viewing the country, the anguish of my soul at my condition would break out upon me on a sudden, and my very heart would die within me, to think of the woods, the mountains, the desarts I was in; and how I was a prisoner, locked up with the eternal bars and bolts of the ocean, in an uninhabited wilderness, without redemption. In the midst of the greatest composures of iny mind, this would break out upon me like a storm, and make me wring my hands, and weep like a child: some

times it would take me in the middle of my work, and I would immediately sit down and sigh, and look upon the ground for an hour or two together: this was still worse to me; but if I could burst into tears, or give vent to my feelings by words, it would go off; and my grief being exhausted, would abate. But now I began to exercise myself with new thoughts; I daily read the word of God, and applied all the comforts of it to my present state. Que morning, being very sad, I opened the bible upon these words, "I will never leave thee, nor forsake thee" immediately it occurred that these words were to me; why else should they be directed in such a manner, just at the moment when I was mourning over my condition, as one forsaken of God and man? Well then, said I, if God does not forsake me, of what ill consequence can it be, or what matters it, though the world should forsake me; seeing, on the other hand, if I had all the world, and should lose the blessing of God, there would be no comparison in the loss? From this moment, I never opened the bible, or shut it, but my soul within me blessed God for directing my friend in England, without any order of mine, to pack it up among my goods; and for assisting me afterwards to save it out of the wreck of the ship.

Thus, and in this disposition of mind, I began my third year; and though I have not given the reader the trouble of so particular an account of my works this year as the first, yet in general it may be observed, that I was very seldom idle; but having regularly divided my time, according to the several daily employments that were before me; such as, first, the reading the scriptures, which I constantly set apart some time for, thrice every day: secondly, going abroad with my gun for food, which generally took me up three hours every morning, when it did not rain: thirdly, ordering, curing, preserving, and cooking what I had killed or catched for my supply: these took up great part of the day; also, it is to be considered, that in the middle of the day, when the sun was in the zenith, the violence of the heat was too great to stir out; so that about four hours in the evening was all the time I could be supposed to work in; with this exception, that sometimes I changed my hours of hunting and working, and went to work in the morning, aud abroad with my gun in the afternoon. To this short time allowed for labour, I desire may be added the laboriousness of iny work; the many hours which, for want of tools, for want of help, and want of skill, every thing I did took up out of my time: for example, I was full two and forty days making me a board for a long shelf, which I wanted in my cave; whereas, two sawyers, with their tools and a saw-pit, would have cut six of them out of the same tree in half a day.

My case was this; it was a large tree which was to be cut down, because my board was to be a broad one. This tree I was three days cutting down, and two more in cutting off the boughs, and reducing it to a log, or piece of timber. With inexpressible hacking and hewing, I reduced both the sides of it into chips, till it was light enough to move; then I turned it, and made one side of it smooth and flat as a board from end to end; then turning that side downward, cut the other side, till I brought the plank to be about three inches thick, and smooth on both sides. Any one may judge the labour of my hands in such a

* Hebrews, xiii. 5.

+ ZENITH :-in astronomy, the vertical point; or a point in the visible heavens directly over our head; or, is a point on the surface of the sphere; through which a right line, drawn through from the centre of the earth is prolonged. Hence, there are as many zeniths as there are different places on earth, where the heavens may be seen: and, upon the chauging of our place, we also necessarily change our zenith. The zenith is also called the pole of the horizon, because it is ninety degrees from each point thereof. It is also the pole of all the parallels of the horizon, whereby the altitude of the stars is estimated. Through the zenith pass the vertical circles of azimuths. The point diametrically opposite to the zenith is called the nadir; which is the point directly under our feet. The nadir is the zenith to our antipodes; as our zenith is the nadir to

them.