roaring, and howling, of wild creatures,* of we knew not what kinds, that the poor boy was ready to die with fear, and begged of me not to go on shore till day. "Well, Xury," said I, "then I will not; but it may be we may see men by day, who will be as bad to us as those lions."-" Then we may give them the shoot-gun," says Xury, laughing; "make them run way." Such dialect Xury spoke by conversing among the slaves. However, I was glad to see the boy so cheerful, and I gave him a dram out of our master's case of bottles to cheer him up. After all, Xury's advice was good, and I took it. We dropped our little anchor, and lay still all night; I say, still, for we slept none; because, in two or three hours, we saw vast creatures (we knew not what to call them), of many sorts, come down to the sea-shore, and run into the water, wallowing and washing for the pleasure of cooling themselves: and they made such hideous howlings and yellings, that I never indeed heard the like.

Xury was frightened, and indeed so was I too; but we were both more dreadfully frightened when we heard one of these mighty creatures swimming towards our boat; we could not see him, but we might hear him, by his blowing, to be a monstrous, huge, and furious beast. Xury said it was a lion, and it might be So, for aught I know; but poor Xury cried to me to weigh the anchor and row away. "No," says I, "Xury! we can slip our cable with the buoy to it, and go off to sea; they cannot follow us far." I had no sooner said so, but I per ceived the creature (whatever it was) within two oars length, which something surprised me, however, I immediately stept to the cabin door, and, taking up my gun, fired at him; upon which he immediately turned about, and swam to the shore again. It is impossible to describe the horrible noises, and cries that were raised, as well upon the edge of the shore as higher within

The noise made by jackals and other ravenous beasts during the night, besides denoting the pursuit of prey, is, perhaps, the means by which the different sexes find out and correspond with their mates: it recalls to remembrance Psalm civ. 20, and Isaiah xiii. 22.

ANCHOR:-Although the figure and use of this article of a ship's furniture must be so familiar toreaders of every class as to render any detailed description superfluous, beyond the definition that has been given in a preceding page (7), yet the lover of historical research may be interested by the following additional information. The first invention of an anchor is ascribed by PLINY to the Tyrrhenians; by other writers to MIDAS, son of GORDIAS, whose anchor PAUSANIAS declares was preserved until his time in a temple dedicated unto Jupiter. The most ancient anchors were made of stone (according to APOLLONIUS RHODIUS in his Argonautics, and to ARRIAN in his periplus of the Pont'-Euxin), afterwards of wood ballasted by a quantity of lead; on some occasions baskets filled with stones, and even sacks of sand were used. But the primitive anchor is stated to have had but one fluke: those made on a more improved plan by the Greeks, when either EPILA MIUS [Eupalamus], or the Scythian philosopher ANACHAR$15 had introduced the double fluke, are said by Dr. POTTER to have been much the same with what are used at present, except that, like a boat's grapnel, the transverse piece, called the stock was wanting. Each vessel had an anchor which surpassed the rest in size, answering to our sheet-anchor, which was reserved for cases of extreme danger; therefore esteemed sacred; and thus became the emblem of hope. See Babal Chro nicle, vol. i. p. 463. ii. 180. iv. 218. 370. xxvii. 305.

CABLE a thick, long, three strand rope, ordinarily of hemp, serving to hold ships firm at anchor, in roads, harbours, or large rivers. In Europe, the cables are commonly made of hemp; in Afric, of long straw, or rushes called bass; and in Asia, of peculiar kinds of vegetable fibre, called coir and gumatty. The word cable comes from the Hebrew word khebel cord. Du CANGE derives it from the Arabic, hubl, cord, or habala, vincire : MENAGE, from capulum or cabulum; and that from the Greek naμnd, or the Latin camelus. The term cable is sometimes also applied to the cordageed to raise massy loads, by means of cranes, wheels, and other like engines; though, in strictness, cable is not to be applied to ropes of less than three inches circumference. Every cable, of whatever thickness it be, is composed of three strands; each strand of three twists; and each twist of a certain number of caburas, or threads of rope yarn, more or less, as the cable is to be thicker or smaller.

the country, upon the explosion of the gun; a thing, I believe, those creatures had never heard before. This convinced me there was no going on shore for us in the night upon that coast; and how to venture in the day was another question too; for to have fallen into the hands of any of the savages, had been as bad as to have fallen into the paws of lions and tigers; at least, we were equally apprehensive of the danger of it.

Be that as it would, we were obliged to go on shore somewhere or other for water, for we had not a pint left in the boat; when and where to get it was the point. Xury said, if I would let him go on shore with one of the jars, he would find if there was any water, and bring some to me. I asked him why he would go; why I should not go, and he stay in the boat. The boy answered with so much affection, that he made me love him ever after. Says he, "If wild mans come, they cat me, you go way."-" Well, Xury," said I," we will both go; and if the wild mans come, we will kill them; they shall eat neither of us." So I gave Xury a piece of rusk bread to eat, and another dram out of our master's case, which I mentioned before; and we hauled the boat in as near the shore as we thought was proper, and so waded to land, carrying nothing but our weapons, and two jars for water.

I did not care to go out of sight of the boat, fearing the coming of canoes*

To make a cable; after forming the strands, they use staves; which they first pass between the strands, that they may turn the better, and be intertwisted the more regularly together. And, to prevent any entangling, a weight is hung at the end of each strand. The cable being properly twisted, neither too much, so as to become stiff, nor too little, so as to be flaccid, is untwisted again three or four turns, that the rest may the better retain its state; the usual allowance for the diminution of length by twisting is one third of the whole; so that, for a cable of the ordinary length, 120 fathoms, the rope-yarn must be 180 fathoms long. Every merchant vessel has three cables; viz. the main or master-cable, called the sheet-cable, which is that of the chief anchor; and the two bowers, best and small.

A long scope of cable is not so apt to break as a short one, because it draws more horizontally on the anchor than the other; and a ship will ride more smoothly as well as more safely with a long cable, because she will not be so liable to plunge deep in the water with her fore-part.

* CANOE:-(from the French canot), a name given to the boat used by the savages in both Indies, as well as by the Negros in Guinea, made chiefly of the trunks of trees scooped hollow; sometimes of pieces of bark fastened together. The common canoes among the Indians, are those made of trees hollowed; being either greater or less according to the size of the tree they are made of. They are rowed with paddles and rarely carry sails; the loading is laid at the bottom; but, having no ballast, they are frequently turned upside down. They have no rudder, the want of which is supplied by paddles. The Negros of Guinea use the same sort of canoes, though made in a different manner. They are long shaped, having only room for one person in width, and seven or eight in length; they shew little wood above the water; those who row are extremely dexterous, not only in giving the strokes with cadence and uniformity, by which their canoes seem to fly along the surface of the water; but also in balancing the vessel with their bodies, and preventing their overturning, which, other wise, on account of their lightness, would continually happen. Add, that, when they are overturned, they have the address to turn them up again in the water itself, and mount them a-new. They venture as far as four leagues to sea, but dare not venture much farther. They are usually sixteen feet long, and a foot or two wide, though there are some larger, as far as thirty-five feet long, five wide, and three high, used for the ferrying of cattle and for expeditions in war. They are fitted with sails made of rushes. On return from a voyage, the canoes are not left in the water, but presently drawn a-shore, sere they are hung by the two ends, and left to dry; in which state they are so light, that two men will easily carry them on their shoulders. The canoes of the north Americans are made of the bark of the birch-tree, sometimes large enough to hold four or five persons. Those of the savages of Terra-del-Fuego, and the other islands of the strait of Magelhaens, are also of bark, and fashioned with great skill, from / ten to sixteen feet long, and two wide, capable of holding eight men, who row standing,

with savages down the river; but the boy, seeing a low place, about a mile up the country, rambled to it; and, by and by, I saw him come running toward me. I thought he was pursued by some savage, or frightened by some wild beast; and I, therefore, ran forwards to help him; but, when I came nearer to him, I saw something hanging over his shoulders, which was a creature that he had shot, like a hare, but different in colour, and longer legs; however, we were very glad of it, and it was very good meat; but the great joy that poor Xury came with was, to tell me he had found good water, and seen no wild mans. But we found afterwards, that we need not take such pains for water; for, a little higher up the creek where we were, we found the water fresh when the tide was out, which flowed but a little way up; so we filled our jars, and, having a fire, feasted on the hare we had killed; and prepared to go on our way, having seen no footsteps of any human creature in that part of the country.

As I had been a voyage to this coast before, I knew very well that the isles of Canary,* and the Cape Verde isles,† also, lay not far from the coast; but, as I had

with surprising swiftness. In the repository of the Royal Society is the model of a Groenland canoe, covered with seal-skin, and resembling an oblong bladder; so as that, however the waves dash over it, the person in it is safe. It is rowed with a single paddle.

CANARY:-Is the english version of canaria, the proper name of a group of islands in the north Atlantic ocean, which front the western coast of Afric, at the distance of about 50 leagues from Cape Non, occupying a space comprised between latitude 27° and 290 N. longitude 13° and 18° W. They are in number seven; viz. Lancerota, Fuertaventura, Gran-Canaria, Teneriffe, Palma, Gomera, Fierro, besides several uninhabited islots. They anciently bore the name of Fortunate isles, and are thus recorded by the geographer POMPONIUS MELA (De situ orbis, b. iii. c. 17);—“ Contra Fortunatac insulae abundant sua sponte genitis, & subinde aliis super aliis innascentibus nihil solicitos alunt, beatiùs quam aliae urbes excultae : una singulari duorum fontium ingenio maximé insignis; alterum qui gustavere risu solvuntur in mortem; ita affectis remedium est ex altero bibere." Athough the city of Palmas on Canaria is the proper metropolis of these isles, being the episcopal see, and the seat of justice, yet Santa Cruz in Teneriffe. has obtained the pre-eminence, as being the residence of the governor-general, and also the port most resorted to by foreigners. Celebrity attaches to this cluster, among mariners and geographers, on the two-fold account of that conspicuous elevation of the earth, the peaked mountain of Teneriffe; and of the first meridian of longitude having formerly been reckoned from the most westerly island, called Fierro (or iron): a practice which, in fact, has not yet entirely ceased in certain european states, although, for the most part, it is now customary to place the first meridian in the capital city, or principal astronomical observatory of each kingdom respectively, thus english geographers compute their longitude from Greenwich; the French from Paris; and other nations according to the same rule; though, as has been already observed, the selection of Fierro still obtaining in the construction of some of the continental maps, it becomes of so much importance to the navigator to be aware of, and attentive to this circumstance, that the editor is solicitous to record in this place, that the observatory of Paris is situated 2° 20′ 15′′ E. from that of Greenwich; Fierro (town) 17° 45′ 8′′ W. consequently the difference of meridians between the latter and Paris is 20° 5' 23" according to the authority of the english board of longitude.

CAPE VERDE ISLES:are a cluster so called from their vicinity to the african headland of that name. They are in number ten; viz. Bona-vista, Sal, Mayo, St. Iago, Fuego (or Fogo), Brava, St. Nicholas, Santa Lucia, St. Vincent, St. Antonio, besides islots without names or inhabitants. Bonavista, the most easterly island, requires cantious navigation to approach it, owing to certain dangers in its vicinity, which have caused the loss of several ships and nearly proved fatal to our famed circumnavigator Cook, on his outward bound voyage. Ships do not now frequent the channel between this island and the continent so often as formerly; those which do, generally keep in longitude between 199 and 200 W, the geographical site of Bonavista (N. end) is latitude 16° 15′ N. longitude 22° 52′ W. St. Antonio, the N.-westernmost of the Cape Verde isles, is often seen by ships in passing to the westward, and prior to the general use of the present improved methods of ascertaining the longitude, it was almost always deemed desirable to gain a sight of it, in order to correct the dead reckoning. Although this is not now requisite, yet it is practicable without fear of delay; for the summit of

no instruments to take an observation, to find what latitude we were in and did not exactly know, or at least remember what latitude they were in; I knew not where to look for them, or when to stand off to sea towards them, otherwise I might now have easily found some of these islands. My hope was, that if I stood along this coast till I came to the part where the English traded, I should find some of their vessels upon their usual design of trade, that would relieve and take us in.

By the best of my calculation, the place where I now was, must be that country which lying between the Emperor of Maroco's dominions and the Negros, remains waste and uninhabited, except by wild beasts; the Negros having abandoned it, and gone farther south, for fear of the Moors, and the Moors not thinking it worth inhabiting, by reason of its barrenness; and, indeed, both forsaking it because of the prodigious numbers of tigers, lions, leopards, and other furious creatures, which harbour there: so that the Moors use it for their hunting only, where they go like an army, one or two thousand men at a time; and, indeed, for near a hundred miles together upon this coast, we saw nothing but a waste, uninhabited country by day, and heard nothing but howlings, and roaring of wild beasts by night. In the day-time, once or twice, I thought I saw the Pico of Teneriffe,t being the top of a mountain in the Canaries, and I had a great mind to venture out, in hopes of reaching thither; but, having tried twice, I was forced in again by contrary winds; the sea also going too high for my little vessel; so I resolved to pursue my first design, and keep along the shore.

St. Antonio being 7400 feet above the surface of the sea (according to recent admeasurement) it may he seen near 30 leagues from a ship's deck. The geographical site of this eminence is latitude 17° 2′ N. longitude 25° 25′ W. St. Iago is the most considerable island of the group, and the most frequented by foreign shipping, on account of its road on the S. E. side, called Porto-Praya. It is, however, as an anchorage or place of refreshment, inferior to St. Vincent, the westernmost isle but one, as hath been demonstrated by the bydrographical report of a naval officer who visited this latter place a few years ago, inserted in the Babal Chronicle, (xxx. 61.) According to which statement, it appears, that the harbour of St. Vincent is, on three sides, a perfect basin, rendered complete by the isle St. Antonio in front, at four leagues distance, capacious enough to contain, with the utmost safety, two hundred sail of shipping, with good bottom, and regular soundings, from 35 fathoms to the very beach. Farther interesting particulars concerning these isles can be collected by referring to . C. vii, 513. xxv, 233. xxix, 304.

"

That belt of desert country, which separates the territories of Maroco, and the other maritime states of Barbary, from Negro-land or the country of the blacks; extending from Mount Atlas on the north, to Senegal on the south, is called Zahara or Zaara. The mid-land, or eastern portion of this district is named Beled-el-jereed, or the dry country," corruptly and unmeaningly rendered, in some maps and books, "Biledulgerid." By the terms " desert," or "wilderness,” applied to this and similar tracts of country in Afric and in Asia, the reader is not always to understand a country absolutely barren or unfruitful; but such as from want of cultivation is unproductive; for, wherever fountains or rills of water exist, though but sparingly, herbage is still more or less interspersed. Although the wilderness where Jesus is said, by the evangelists to have been" tempted," is in a district of Syria where the soil is rocky, and the ground mountainous; yet, in general, the desert is so called rather from its being a solitude, than as being absolutely uninhabitable.

TENERIFFE is that island of the canarian cluster, the most familiarly known to voyagers and to the generality of readers, owing to its famous peak; to its wines, either under their proper names of Orotava, and Vidonia, or their not uncommonly assumed title of Madeira; and to its capital, Santa-Cruz [Holy Cross], being the most frequented port of any in the Canary isles, and the emporium of their trade with Europe and with America. The peak is the summit of a mountain originally called Teydéh, nearly in the centre of the island; it is estimated to be 12138 feet, or, in round numbers, 24 english miles above the level of the sea, and may be seen upwards of 100, in clear weather. The geographical site of this mountain is in latitude 28° 15′ 38′′ N. longitude

Several times I was obliged to land for fresh water, after we had left this place; and once, in particular, being early in the inorning, we came to an auchor under a little point of land which was pretty high; and the tide beginning to flow, we lay still, to go farther in. Xury, whose eyes were more about him than, it seems, mine were, calls softly to me, and tells me, that we had best go farther off the shore; "for," says he, "look, youder lies a terrible monster on the side of that hill, fast asleep." I looked where he pointed, and I saw a dreadful monster indeed, for it was a great lion, that lay on the side of the

16° 45′ 33" W. according to the Requisite Tables; but Captain Cook places it in latitude 28° 18' N. The magnetic variation here was 16° W. in 1792. In the Requisite Tables, Santa Cruz is stated to be in latitude 28° 29′ 4′′ N. longitude 16° 22' 30" W. and this an eminent hydrographer of the present day, after careful comparison with the observations of Captains Cook and Vancouver, infers to be the true position of the place, which must not be confounded with another Santa (or Sancta) Cruz, in the Grand-Canary, whose latitude is 28° 10' 37" N. The primitive name of the island, or the mountain is stated, in some books of repute, to have been Teydé: but the account given by Glass (J. C. x, 204) says: "this island was named Thenerife, or the white mountain,' by the natives of Palma; Thener, in their language, signifying mountain, and ife, white; its peak or summit being always covered with snow, while Fahrenheit's thermometer has been observed within sight of it to stand at 890 in the shade. In the year 1656, the protector, Cromwell, having declared war against Spain, despatched Admiral Blake to infest the coasts, and act against the shipping of that power. On the 20th April, 1657, he arrived at Santa-Cruz, where he found the south-american Plate fleet; which he attacked with incredible resolution, and entirely destroyed. See the biographical memoir of Admiral Robert Blake, in the Babal Chronicle, (xxxi, 16) and Andrew Marvell's lines on that achievement in a prior volume of the same publication (viii, 329). Santa-Cruz has been, in our time, the object of an unsuccessful and disastrous attempt, by Admiral Nelson, (J. C. iii, 178) A view of Santa-Cruz, taken when about three miles off, eastward of it, in the autumn of 1803, exhibiting the sublime elevation of the snow-capt peak, is also to be found in the useful work already quoted; (A. C. vol. x, for the year 1803).

LION:(Felis leo, LINNE.) is eminently distinguished from the rest of the beasts of prey, by his size, strength, form, and disposition. This animal is produced throughout Afric, and in some parts of Asia. It is found in the greatest numbers in the sultry regions of the torrid zone, particularly in the solitudes of Zahara and B'led-el-jereed, where the lion seems to reign sole master, and his natural ardour of character is inflamed