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of conforming to the religion of the country all the while I was among them, so neither did I yet; only that, now and then, having of late thought more of it than formerly, when I began to think of living and dying among them, I began to regret my having professed myself a papist, and thought it might not be the best religion to die with.

This, however, as I have said, was not the main thing that kept me from going to Brazil, but that really I did not know with whom to leave my effects behind me; so I resolved, at last, to go to England with it, where, if I arrived, I concluded I should make some acquaintance, or find some relations that would be faithful to me; and, accordingly, I prepared to go to England with all my wealth. In order to prepare things for my going home (the Brazil fleet being just upon the point of going away), I resolved to give answers suitable to the just and faithful account of things I had from thence; and, first, to the priory of St. Augustino I wrote a letter full of thanks for their just dealings, and the offer of the 872 moidors which were undisposed of, which I desired might be given, 500 to the monastery, and 37% to the poor, as the prior should direct; desiring the good padre's prayers for me, and the like. I wrote next a letter of thanks to my two trustees, with all the acknowledgment that so much justice and honesty called for; as for sending them any present, they were far above having any occasion for it. Lastly, I wrote to my partner, acknowledging his industry in the improving the plantation, and his integrity in increasing the stock of the works; giving him instructions for his future government of my part, according to the powers I had left with my old patron, to whom I desired him to send whatever became due to me, till he should hear from me more particularly; assuring him that it was my intention not only to come to him, but to settle myself there. To this I added a very handsome present of some italian silks for his wife and two daughters, for such the captain's son informed me he had; with two pieces of fine english broadeloth, the best I could get in Lisbon, five pieces of black baize, and some Flanders lace of a good value.

Having thus settled my affairs, sold my cargo, and turned all my effects into good bills of exchange, my next difficulty was, which way to go to England; 'I had been accustomed enough to the sea, and yet I had a strange aversion to go to England by sea at that time; and although I could give no reason for it, yet the difficulty increased upon me so much, that although I bad once shipped my baggage, in order to go, yet I altered my mind, and that not once, but two or three times.

It is true, I had been very unfortunate by sea, and this might be some of the reasons; but let no man slight the strong impulses of his own thoughts in cases of such moment: two of the ships which I had singled out to go in, I mean, more particularly singled out than any other, so as to have put my things on board one, and in the other to have agreed with the captain; I say, two of these ships miscarried, viz. one was taken by the Algerines, and the other was cast away on the Start, near Tor-bay,† and all the people drowned, except three; so that in either of those vessels I had been made miserable.

START the name of a point that stretches out into the english channel, S. westerly, from Dartmouth in Devonshire, about 5 leagues; the coast between them forming a bay. Ships must take care to avoid a small rock that is mile E.S. E. from the Start; but there is good anchorage for westerly winds, under the point on its E. side, between the point and the church on the high land in 10 or 11 fathoms, with the point bearing S.W. The haven of Salcomb is about a league westward from it. Rame-head is about 6 leagues N.W. as Portland is 16 or 17 E. b. N. ♣ N. Berry head bears N. N. E. & E. 11 miles. The geographical site of the Start point is in latitude 50° 13′ 25.9" N. longitude 3° 38′ 20.8" W. difference of time from Greenwich 14 m. 33.4s. High-water at full and change of 6 h. 10 m. The Start is a low ragged point rising from the sea far into the land, about 2 or 3 miles E.S.E. from Praul point; and may be seen with the hille to N. of it by ships in the channel in 45 fathoms; although the fair way up the whannel is in from 30 to 40.

TOR-BAY:a noted road or rendezvous for the english navy ; `where in case of "way

Having been thus harassed in my thoughts, my old pilot, to whom I commu nicated every thing, pressed me earnestly not to go by sea, but either to go by land to the Groyne, and cross over the bay of Biscay to Rochelle,t from whence it was but an easy and safe journey by land to Paris, and so to Calais and Dover, or to go up to Madrid, and so all the way by land through France. In a word, I was so prepossessed against my going by sea at all, except from Calais to Dover, that I resolved to travel all the way by land; which, as I was not in haste, and did not value the charge, was by much the pleasanter way: and to make it more

terly winds large fleets sometimes ride for several weeks. It is on the S. eastern coast of Devonshire, about 2 leagues E. from Dartmouth. To go into the bay, bring the W. point of it, called Berry-head, S. b. E. or S.S.E. and anchor in 7 or 8 fathoms; where ships will lay land-sheltered for W. for S. W. and for S. winds. In this bay are two piers where small vessels lie aground. At the N.E. part of this bay is the tide-haven of Tor-moune. The direction of the flood-tide along this coast is E. N. E. and the ebb contrary-wise. The geographical site of Tor-bay (that is of the flag-staff on Berryhead,) is in latitude 50° 24' 0.7" N. longitude 3° 28′ 14.4" W. The Maval Chronicle contains a picturesque view of Tor-bay in vol. i. p. 328; and a second view of Tor-bay in xiii.

✦ GROYNE:-the old english corruption of Corogne, which is the french name for Corunna, the Brigantium of the antients; a well-known sea-port town of Gallicia in Spain, being the established ferry for the packet-boats between Spain and England. It is situated at the bottom of a small bay within a spacious gulf; and is S. W. from the harbour of Ferrol on the opposite side of the gulph: the entrance into this port is E. along the coast from the W. point of land or island of Cisarga, at 8 leagues distance. To enter, having made Cisarga, give it a good berth, because it is foul, then run in E.S.E. when about the point of Corunna, S. E. and afterwards S.S.E. give that also a berth of 4 or 5 cable-lengths; and on coming by the point where the castle stands, a small island with a little house on it will be seen, along which a ship may sail within cablelength. Run about by this to westward, until arrived before the Fisher-village; and there anchor in 6, 7, or 8 fathoms. MALHAM'S Naval Gazetteer places Corunna in latitude 43° 56' N. longitude 9° 10′ W. and states high-water with spring-tides to be at 3 o'clock. The best french authority gives the geographical site of Ferrol 43° 29′ N. 10° 35′ 45′′ W. from Paris: the difference of time being 42 m. 23 s.

↑ ROCHELLE:-more properly "La Rochelle," a considerable port, and commercial city on the western coast of France, shtuated within the islands of Rhé and Oléron, at about 2 leagues distance from the S.E. end of the former. To enter from the bay of Biscay by the Pertuis [sound] d'Antioche, between those two islands, care must be taken to avoid a shole called "Lavardin," on the coast of the former; which a ship will have passed when the S. point of Rochelle called Courcil, bears E. Vessels from the north pass through the other sound between Rhé and the main-land, called " Pertuis Breton:" in order to which the mouth of the river between St. Michel and the channel of Luçou must be brought right over the point of the isle Aiguillon: with those marks run quite through between point St. Marc near Rochelle, and the S.E. point of Rhé, and so keep clear of the Lavardin. The leading mark to make this coast is the tower and light called Chasseron, placed on the N.W. extremity of Oléron, in latitude 46° 2′51′′ N. longitude 3° 44′ 27" W. from Paris; the difference of longitude between which and Greenwich is 2° 20′ 15". The geographical site of La-Rochelle is in latitude 46° 9' N. longitude 1° 10′ W. from Greenwich (according to the somewhat apocryphal authority of the Naval gazetteer.) A map and descriptive memoir of this por tion of the french coast is to be found in the Babal Chronicle, vol. xxix, p. 329. King LOUIS XIII. son of HENRY IV, was but 9 years of age at the time of his father's assassi nation by RAVAILLAC in 1610. As he grew up he emancipated himself from the influence of the Queen-dowager his mother; discarded her favourites; and chose for his prime-minister Cardinal RICHELIEU, who by his vigorous, but rigorous measures, while he cemented the power, put a period to the remaining liberties of France; and particularly by revoking the edict of Nantes suppressed the religious establishment of the protestants in that kingdom; who made their last stand at La-Rochelle. The taking of this city (which our K. CHARLES I. who had married the french king's sister, made some weak efforts to relieve) put an end to the civil wars on account of religion in France.

so, my old captain brought an english gentleman, the son of a merchant in Lisbon, who was willing to travel with me; after which we picked up two more english merchants also, and two young portuguese gentlemen, the last going to Paris only; so that in all there were six of us, and five servants; the two merchants and the two Portuguese contenting themselves with one servant between two, to save the charge; and as for me, I got an english sailor to travel with me as a servant, besides my man Friday, who was too much a stranger to be capable of supplying the place of a servant on the road.

In this manner I set out from Lisbon; and our company being very well mounted and armed, we made a little troop, whereof they did me the honour to call me captain, as well because I was the oldest man, as because I had two servants, and, indeed, was the origin of the whole journey. As I have troubled you with none of my sea-journals, so I shall trouble you now with none of my landjournal; but some adventures that happened to us in this tedious and difficult journey I must not omit.

When we came to Madrid, being all of us strangers to Spain, we were willing to stay some time to see the court of Spain, and whatever else was worth observing; but it being the latter part of the summer, we hastened away, and set out from Madrid about the middle of October; but when we came to the edge of Navarre, we were alarmed, at several towns on the way, with an account that so much snow was fallen on the french side of the mountains, that several

* MADRID: the particular capital of the kingdom of New-Castille; eventually become the universal metropolis of the spanish monarchy. Its geographical site (that is the plaza-mayor, or "grand place") is in latitude 40° 25′ 18′′ N. longitude 3° 42′ 5′′ W. from Greenwich. Its population is estimated at about 15,000 inhabitants. It stands near the banks of the river Mançanares in a spacious plain, though surrounded at a certain distance by mountains whose summits are frequently covered with snow: but its local climate may be judged of by the authenticated fact that on the 17th June 1805, during the prevalence of the Solano, or african wind, the height of Fahrenheit's thermometer at 2 P.M. was 92° within doors, and in the shade without 87°. The houses of Madrid are of brick, of no very ornamental architecture; indeed they have generally rather a * prison-like appearance, the windows, particularly the lower range, being with iron bars. Separate families generally inhabit the same house, as in Edinburgh and Paris. Madrid can only claim magnificence in two quarters, namely, the Prado, or Parade, a place of resort somewhat similar to St. James's Park, at London, and the street called Calle de Al-cala; the breadth of this latter, and its advantageous situation on the gentle slope of a bill, give it a very striking appearance; which prospect has been described in the following lines:—

Que a lo lejos campea

Ya la Adnana real, fabrica altivo

Que corona y remata

La varia perspectiva

De aquella immensa Calle, en yo espacio

En un suave declivio se dilata.

The Manganares is a stream, which partaking of the nature of all mountain torrents à of very uncertain width; it is crossed by a magnificent bridge of such disproportionate dimensions to its river during the dry season (although not greater than is required when the waters are swollen) that it has become a sort of bye-word among travellers, and particularly attracted the sarcasms of the lively French. Of these, one has compared the Mancanares to Dives in the gospel; another has recommended a sale of the bridge to buy water for the river. In one of the odes by GONDORA, a spanish poet, in all the honesty of national pride, and with the utmost gravity, he gives to the river at Madrid the following titles:—

Manganares! Mançanares!

Os que in todo el aguatismo

Estois Duque de arroyos [Duke of streams]
Y Visconde de los rios. [Viscount of rivers]

A more genuine specimen of bathos is rarely to be met with.

travellers were obliged to come back to Pampelona, after having attempted, at an extreme hazard, to pass on. When we came to Pampelona itself, we found it so, indeed; and to me, that had been always used to a hot climate, and to countries where I could scarce bear any clothes on, the cold was insufferable : nor, indeed, was it more painful than surprising, to come but ten days before out of Old-Castile, where the weather was not only warm, but very hot, and immediately to feel a wind from the Pyrenean mountains so very keen, so severely cold, as to be intolerable, and to endanger benumbing and perishing of our fingers and toes. Poor Friday was really frightened when he saw the mountains all covered with snow, and felt cold weather, which he had never seen or felt before in his life. To mend the matter, when we came to Pampelona, it continued snowing with so much violence, and so long, that the people said winter was come before its time; and the roads, which were difficult before, were now quite impassable; for, in a word, the snow lay in some places too thick for us to travel, and being not hard frozen, as is the case in the northern countries, there was no going without being in danger of being buried alive every step. We stayed no less than twenty days at Pampelona; when seeing the winter coming on, and no likelihood of its being better, for it was the severest winter all over Europe that had been known in the memory of man,. I proposed that we should all go away to Fontarabia,† and there take shipping for Bordeaux, which was a very little voyage. But while I was considering this, there came in four french gentlemen, who having been stopped on the french side of the passes, as we were on the spanish, had found out a guide, who, traversing the country near the head of Languedoc, had brought them over the mountains by such ways, that they were not much incommoded with the snow; for where they met with snow in any quantity, they said it was frozen hard enough to bear them and their horses. We sent for this guide, who told us he would undertake to carry us the same way with no hazard from the snow, provided we were armed sufficiently to protect ourselves from wild beasts; for, he said, upon these great snows it was frequent for some wolves to show themselves at the foot of the mountains, being made ravenous for want of food, the ground being covered with snow. We told him we were well enough prepared for such creatures as they were, if he would insure.' us from a kind of two-legged wolves, which, we were told, we were in most danger from, especially on the french side of the mountains. He satisfied us

PAMPELONA-the capital city of upper Navarre; which country was formerly a kingdom of itself, but is now a province of Spain, although it forms one of the regal titles of the house of Bourbon, in right of king HENRY IV. whose ancestors were dispossessed by FERDINAND, king of Spain, about 1512. This city is situated at no great distance from the foot of the Pyrenean mountains facing the outlet of the principal passes through that natural barrier, is strongly fortified; and considered as the key of Spain on its north-eastern frontier. It fell very unfairly into the hands of the French in the year 1807; but was retaken after a tedious blockade by the combined armies English, Spanish and Portuguese in 1813.

FONTARABIA:-properly called in Spanish Fuenţarabia: a town of Biscaya on the sea-coast of the great bay called by most navigators after that province: but by the French with equal right, the gulf of Gascogne. Spain is here separated from France by the river Bidassoa, which flows between Fontarabia and Audaye. It has a pretty good harbour for vessels of moderate burthen, and a fort: it is at the distance of 6 leagues from Bayonne. High water with spring tides at past 3 o'clock. Latitude 45° 21′36′′ N. longitude 1° 47′ 29′′ W. according to the Requisite Tables; which differs but 14" from the Connaissance-des-tems after reducing the meridian of Paris to that of Greenwich: in stating the longitude of which respective observatories the Requisite Tables do not notice the seconds of the french statement thereof, viz, 2° 20′ 15′′.

BORDEAUX :-the capital of the province of Guyenne prior to the revolution of 1789; which province in the new division of France by the first national assembly became the department of the Gironde; which is the name of the aestuary formed by the rivers Garonne and Dordogne. Bordeaux is situated 12 leagues distant from the river's mouth. For the history, geography and picturesque scenery of this eminent city

that there was no danger of that kind in the way that we were to go: so we readily agreed to follow him, as did also twelve other gentlemen, with their ser vants, some French, some Spanish, who, as I said, had attempted to go, and were obliged to come back again.

Accordingly, we set out from Pampelona, with our guide, on the 15th of November; and, indeed, I was surprised, when instead of going forward, he came directly back with us on the same road that we came from Madrid, about twenty miles; when having passed two rivers, and come into the plain country, we found ourselves in a warm climate again, where the country was pleasant, and no snow to be seen; but on a sudden turning to his left, he approached the mountains another way: and although it is true the hills and precipices looked dreadful, yet he made so many tours, such meanders, and led us by such winding ways, that we insensibly passed the height of the mountains without being much incumbered with the snow; and, all on a sudden, he showed us the pleasant fruitful provinces of Languedoc and Gascoigne, all green and flourishing, though, indeed, at a great distance, and we had some rough way to pass still. We were a little uneasy, however, when we found it snowed one whole day and a night so fast, that we could not travel; but he bid us be easy; we should soon be past it all: we found, indeed, that we began to descend every day, and to come more north than before; and so depending upon our guide, we went on. It was about two hours before night, when our guide being something before us, and not just in sight, out rushed three monstrous wolves, and after them a bear, out

[graphic]

and sea-port, see Babal Chronicle: vol. vii, p. 212; xxvi, 148; xxxi, 329. The latin name of Bordeaux was Burdigala, See RUGGLE'S Ignoramus. 153.

WOLF:-in zoology, the canis lupus of LINNEUS, a beast of prey, of the dog kind,

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